1. Circulatory System V2

2. Circulatory System: Structure and Function
The function of the circulatory system is to carry nutrients and wastes to and from different places in the body. The three main structures of the circulatory system are:
The vessels that connect all the parts.
The blood to carry dissolved nutrients and wastes.
The heart to pump blood.

3. The Mammalian Circulatory System
Mammals and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
In a closed circulatory system the blood stays in the blood vessels.
Blood is pumped through a series of vessels.
Blood moves through the parts of the circulatory system in one direction only.

4. Blood Circulates in 3 Cycles
There are 3 major cycles or loops for blood flow.
Pulmonary Circulation- the flow of blood between the heart and lungs
Systemic Circulation- the route from the heart to the muscles and organs in the rest of the body
Cardiac Circulation- the path taken by blood from the heart to the heart, the most common site of heart attacks.

6. 1.Three Types of Blood Vessels
The function of vessels is to direct fluid from one area to another.
1A. ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood.
1B. VEINS carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood.
1C. CAPILLARIES link veins with arteries. All exchange of wastes and nutrients occurs in capillaries.

7. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
1A. The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
thick muscle and elastic fibres
Elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure.
The thick muscle contracts to push the blood along.

8. Veins carry blood towards the heart.
1B. The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
thin muscle, valves and elastic fibres
Veins have valves which stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. Broken valves cause varicose veins.
When body muscles surrounding the veins contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the veins.

9. 1C. The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link arteries with veins. All nutrients and wastes are exchanged between body cells and the blood across the wall of a capillary.
The wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick.
Nutrients go from the blood into the cells. Wastes go from the cells into the blood.

10. 1C. The Capillary Bed
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
artery
vein
capillaries
body cell
Capillaries are the only site for exchange of materials from the blood to the cells.

11. 1. Vessels - Summary
Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Capillaries beds are the location for __________ of gases, nutrients and wastes between _____ and ____.
away
towards
capillaries
muscular
exchange
blood
cells

12. 2. Blood – The Transport Medium
digested food
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
BLOOD

13. 2A. Red Blood Cells
Shaped like a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus.
Contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold and carry oxygen to all the cells.
A red blood cell can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

14. 2B. White Blood Cells
There are many different types. They all contain a big nucleus and fight infections.
The two main types of white blood cells are the lymphocytes and the macrophages.
Macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-organisms by phagocytosis.
Some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them.

15. 2C. Platelets
The function of platelets is to clot blood at a cut.

16. Types of Blood Cells

17. 2D. Plasma
About 55% of blood is a straw-coloured liquid that dissolves and carries all the non-cellular components of blood.
It also dissolves useful substances like:
carbon dioxide
glucose
amino acids
proteins
minerals
vitamins
hormones
waste materials
like urea.

18. 2. Blood - Summary
All blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. The four main parts of blood are:
_____, the liquid part of the blood;
Red blood cells to carry ______;
White blood cells to ________the body from infections;
________ to help blood clot.
Plasma
oxygen
protect
Platelets

19. 3. The Heart – The Pump The heart pumps blood through the vessels.
The third loop that blood can take is the cardiac circulatory loop. These vessels take blood from the heart to the heart. The cardiac artery is the most common site of heart attacks.
The structure and function of the heart will be covered next class.