1. Alexander & the Hellenistic Age
Chapter 4 section 5

3. Phillip II of Macedonia (382-359-336 BC)
After taking the throne in 359 using diplomacy, threats, bribes he formed alliances with most of the Greek city-states
He defeated Athens and Thebes in 338 BC
He had 7 wives and 6 children
Alexander was from his fourth wife Olympias
She tried to poison Phillip III but instead disabled him

4. His next goal was to conqueror Persia
He was assassinated at his daughter’s wedding, by one of his bodyguards
His second son Alexander will take the throne

6. Alexander the Great 356-336-323 B.C.
Alexander fighting the Persian king Darius III From Alexander Mosaic from Pompeii, Naples

7. Mosaic representing the battle of Alexander the Great against Darius III, perhaps after an earlier Greek painting of Philoxenus of Eretria. This mosaic was found in Pompeii in the House of the Faun

8. Was a student of Aristotle
Is 20 years old when he becomes King
In 334 he had enough ships and men to cross the Dardanelles into Persia

9. Won his first victory against Darius III at Granicus River, who ran leaving his soldiers behind.
After the invasion he headed to Egypt and liberated them in 332
Where he referred to his father Zeus-Amon, thus declaring him a god.
Founded the city of Alexandria-Egypt
In 331 he headed back to Persia

10. Before he could return to capture Darius, he was killed by his own men.
Alexander burned the Persian capital city of Persepolis, in retaliation for Athens
Chipiez representation palace of Darius Persepolis

12. After conquering Persia he headed east towards India
In 326 he faced war elephants for the first time
Alexander and his men never lost a battle but after 11 years of campaigning and more than 11,000 miles, his men demanded to return home

14. They reached as far as Babylon
Alexander and his men were celebrating, when he fell ill and died just before his 33rd birthday
After years of disorder 3 of his general divided up the empire.
Macedonia and Greece – Antigonus and others
Egypt – Ptolemy
Persia- Seleucus

16. Legacy of Alexander
Assimilation- the absorption or blending of Greek ideas & Greek settlers adopted local customs
He & soldiers married local women
He had many cities named after him
From Egypt to India, Greek temples filled with statues and held athletic style competitions

17. Hellenism
The name given to the blending of the four cultures that had been conquered
Greek
Persian
Egyptian
Indian

19. Alexandria, Egypt
The city contributed to the spread of ideas because of:
Great Harbor- Allowed for ships from all over the Med. Bring goods and allowed commerce to prosper
International Communities developed with a mix of the different cultures.
Pompey's Pillar and Serapeum

20. Light house
was a tower built between 280 and 247 BC on the island of Pharos
to guide sailors into the harbor at night.
estimated at between 390–460 ft
one of the Seven Wonders of the World

21. Institutes of Advance Studies
Museums containing art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens

22. Library at Alexandria
Library contained a collection of ½ million plus scrolls of papyrus, including masterpieces of ancient Literature

23. Advancement in sculpture

24. Classical Values order, balance and proportion.
Favors showed only serenity, and the idealism of the grace of the body captured in motion
Diskobolos" (Discus Thrower) by Myron.  Roman copy of a Greek bronze original. c. 450 BC.

25. Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy ca. 460-450 BCE Bronze, approx

26. Hellenistic
Moved from balance to realistic and emotional creating more natural works
Explored more natural subjects instead of just the gods.
Old market woman ca BCE marble, approx. 4

27. "Sleeping Eros"
Statuette of a veiled and masked dancer in bronze 8 ½ inches

28. "The Head of Helen" by Antonio Canova

29. Aphrodite," also known as 'Venus de Milo, the Greek and Roman goddess of love) from the Greek Island of Melos, by the sculptor Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander.  The statue combines the classical features of the 'stoic' face and contrapposto pose with the realism of the Hellenistic era.  The statue is marble, from c.150 bc and is 6'7" in height. Louvre Museum, Paris

30. Dying Gaul
is an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost Hellenistic sculpture that was thought to have been originally created in bronze
Created some time between 230 BC and 220 BC by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate a victory over the Celtic
The artist of the original is unknown, historian believe that it was Epigonus, a court sculptor.

32. Nike/ Winged Victory of Samothrace
Created around 190 BC marble of the Greek goddess Nike (Victory).
The work is notable for its convincing rendering of a pose where violent motion and sudden stillness meet, for its graceful balance and for the rendering of the figure's draped garments, depicted as if rippling in a strong sea breeze.

33. Approx. 8’1”

34. Laocoön & His Sons
The story of Laocoön had been the subject of a now lost play by Sophocles, and was mentioned by other Greek writers.
Laocoön was killed after he tried to expose the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The snakes were sent by Athena.
The most famous account of these events is in the Roman Virgil's Aeneid

36. Colossus of Rhodes
was a large statue (107 ft) of the Greek god Helios.
Stood guarding the harbor in the city of Rhodes on the Greek island by Charles of Lindos, between 292 and 280 BC.
It is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World till it was destroyed during an earthquake in 226 BC

39. Hellenistic Philosophers

40. Stoicism
Was a school of thought founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in 3rd century BC
Several philosophies:
nature is the expansion of divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.

41. Epicureanism Based on the teachings of Epicurus Founded around 307 BC
Several philosophies:
avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided

42. Hellenistic Advancements in Science and Technology

43. The “Known” World – 3 BC

44. Eratosthenes ( )
Director of the Library, Astronomer, poet, historian , mathematician and Father of Geography,
Invented the system of Longitude & Latitude
Closely calculated the Earth’s true size using geometry at 24,662. This is within 1% of modern calculations
founder of scientific chronology; he endeavored to fix the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy.

45. Aristarchus (310-230) Astronomer from Samos
Estimated the sun was 300 times larger than the earth
heliocentric theory : the earth revolved around the sun. This was not accepted for 2000 years

46. Euclid (b. 300) Highly regarded mathematician opened a school
Father of Geometry
Wrote the “Elements” contains 465 geometry propositions and proofs and is widely used until late 1900s

47. Ptolemy (90-168 AD) Last of Alexandria’s astronomers
Declared the earth as the center of the solar system (geocentric theory)

48. The Universe according to Ptolemy

49. Ptolemy's 150 CE World Map (redrawn in the 15th century).

50. Pythagorus ( )
Credited with the theorem on the triangle, the formula “Pythagorean Theorem”
His school will catch the interest of later mathematicians

51. Archimedes (287-212) Extremely gifted in geometry and physics
Accurately est. the value of π/pi ( )
Explained the principle of buoyancy, the laws of the lever and invented the compound pulley
Invented the Archimedes screw and catapult

52. The Archimedes screw can raise water efficiently.
Archimedes may have used his principle of buoyancy to determine whether the golden crown was less dense than solid gold.

53. Hippocrates (460-377) Father of Western Medicine
Attributed to setting ethical standards for doctors (Hippocratic oath)
He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits

54. Roman Incursion into the Hellenistic world