1. Mutations

2. Mutation Mutation- heritable change in genetic information
Point mutations
Change in 1 or a few nucleotides
Includes
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions

3. Substitution
Substitution: One nucleotide base changed to a different base
Usually just affect 1 amino acid, most of the time harmless
CCC  CCA: proline
CCC  ACC: proline replaced with threonine

4. Insertions & Deletions
Insertions & deletions  frameshift mutations
One base inserted or removed
More serious consequences
Bases still read in groups of 3, “reading frame” shifted
Every following amino acid changed
Stop