1. Would You Rather… On an index card…
Would you rather… live somewhere with…
Lots of daily mini-earthquakes OR
One MASSIVE volcanic eruption every 5 years?
WHY?!

2. Part 1: Geosphere The solid part of Earth Includes : Rocks Soil Sand
Earth’s Interior

3. Geosphere

4. Earth’s Interior Three layers of the Earth – Crust, Mantle, Core
The Crust
Only 1% of the entire Earth’s mass
Made of mostly lighter elements

5. The Mantle About 64% of the mass of the Earth
Rocks of of medium density
Three sub layers
Lithosphere – Earth’s crust and the rigid, uppermost part of the mantle
Asthenosphere – Mostly solid mantle rock that moves very slowly
Mesosphere – “middle sphere”, between the asthenosphere and the core

6. The Core About 35% of the mass of the Earth Two sub layers Outer core
dense liquid layer (nickel and iron)
ºF ( ºC)
Inner Core
Spinning – creates the Earth’s magnetic poles
Immense pressure
solid nickel and iron
9032 – 10,832 ºF ( ºC)

7. Plate Tectonics Tectonic Plates Large pieces of lithosphere
“Float” on the asthenosphere
Most geologic activity occurs where these plates meet

9. Plate Tectonics
1. Convergent
2. Divergent
3. Transform

10. Convergent Boundaries= plates are moving towards each other
Causes subduction or collisions
Subduction: One plate is pushed under the other
Causes volcanic activity
Collisions: Both plates are pushed upward
Forms mountains

11. Convergent Boundaries

12. Divergent Boundaries:
Plates are moving away from each other
Forms rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, and new land in lithosphere

13. Transform Boundaries 2 plates are sliding past each other
Causes earthquakes

14. Volcanoes Mountains built by magma (melted rock)
As tectonic plates slide across each other, allows magma from below to be released
Can cause local effects – damage towns and farmland with magma, mudslides, hot ash and dust
Can cause global effects – clouds of gas and ash enter the atmosphere and reduce the amount of sunlight that hits the Earth…cooling the average global temperature

15. Sad, but true…
The biggest volcanic eruption occurred in 1815 on Indonesian Island of Tambora.
10,000 people died from the eruption
82,000 more people died from disease and starvation afterwards!

16. Weathering
“The breakdown of rocks by weather and water”

17. Erosion
“Process of carrying off the broken-down material from weathering”
Erosion from rivers and oceans are constantly shaping the land
Wind erosion can blow away top soil reducing plant growth

18. 3.2 Atmosphere Layer of air that surrounds earth N2, O2, CO2, H20
Energy from the sun
Travels in waves
Only a small portion is in the VISIBLE SPECTRUM

19. 3.2 The Atmosphere (page 71) Divided into 4 layers. Made of:
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% water vapor, dust particles, small amounts
.04% CO2

20. 4 Layers of Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere
Thermosphere

21. Troposphere Layer of the atmosphere that touches the surface of Earth.
Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere.
Closest to Earth’s surface
Densest layer
The majority of our weather
occurs here

22. Stratosphere Next layer above troposhere (10- 30 MILES up) Contains:
90%
of OZONE LAYER
*Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere.

23. Greenhouse Effect
CO2 needed for photosynthesis and capturing warmth radiating from earth
But, too much CO2 is being released from organisms, volcanoes, and burning of fossil fuels.
Causes buildup of CO2, which traps sunlight, and causes warming and climate changes.

24. GREENHOUSE EFFECT Example of humans changing the env’t
“constant adding of CO2 to our atmosphere”
Does not allow the heat from the sun to radiate back out into space.
This capturing of heat is called the greenhouse effect.

25. 3 Ways Energy Transferred in the Atmosphere
Radiation – transfer of energy across space (atmosphere)
Conduction – the flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object in direct physical contact
Convection – transfer of heat by currents (hot air rises and cold air sinks)

26. Illustration

27. OZONE LAYER Has 3 oxygen atoms O3 Filters out UV radiation from sun
No ozone = no filtering which would kill most of life on earth!
The reduction of ozone layer will cause an increase of UV radiation at ground level. An excess of UV rays has been linked to skin burns, skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to certain crops and marine organisms.

28. Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989

29. MESOSPHERE 50 - 85km high Coldest layer = -100*C. (-148*F)
In this region, concentrations of ozone and water vapor are negligible. Hence the temperature is lower than that of the troposphere or stratosphere.

30. Thermosphere Outer most layer Temps of 2000*C (3632*F!)
Air pressure is less than 1/10th Of earth
Known as IONOSPHERE

31. IONOSPHERE Ions reunite with electrons and makes LIGHT!
Happens at the poles
Called AURORA LIGHTS
North Pole = Aurora Borealis
South Pole = Aurora Australis

32. Hydrosphere

33. 3.3 Hydrosphere Parts of the earth made of water Includes: Oceans
Lakes
Rivers
Underground water
Clouds

34. Why water?
Life on earth could not exist without water for obvious reasons!
But….another thing large bodies of water does for the planet is retain heat! This keeps earth at a steady temperature instead of completely depending on outside heat!

35. Hydrosphere 70% of planet earth! Aka – “water planet”
97% is salt water!
2/3rds of freshwater is frozen!

36. The Oceans… Maintains a global temperature
Absorbs and releases heat slower than land
Ocean temperatures fluctuate less than land
Ocean currents influence the weather and climate on land areas they flow by

37. Fresh Water: 2 types Surface water Ground Water
- found in lakes, streams, rain runoff
Ground Water
Found underground and moves thru small spaces.
AQUIFER=
=underground layer of pourous rock with water in it.

38. Fresh Water A little more that 3% of all water on Earth
Most is locked up in icecaps and glaciers
The rest is in lakes, rivers, wetlands, soil, rock layers and atmosphere

39. Saltwater Earths Oceans 70% of the Earth’s surface
Four Oceans – Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic
Average depth 4,280 m (over 2.5 miles)
Deepest point 11,033 m below sea level (almost 7 miles)

40. Salinity
Salinity – the concentration of all the dissolved salts in a body of water
Make up: Chlorine – 55%
Sodium – 30.6%
Magnesium – 7.7%
Sulfur – 3.7%
Calcium – 1.2%
Potassium – 1.1%
Other – 0.7%

41. Currents

42. Water Cycle
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Condensation

43. The Water Cycle
Evaporation – Liquid water is heated by the sun and turns to water vapor
Condensation – water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles (forms clouds)
- Precipitation – larger droplets in atmosphere drop as rain, snow, sleet, or hail

44. Biosphere Encompasses all of the living parts of Earth
Where all living things get the energy they need to live.