1. Discrimination

2. What is discrimination?
Discrimination is simply choosing one person over another.
In most cases, discrimination is not against the law.

3. What are civil rights?
Civil rights; protect certain groups against discrimination
Civil liberties: constitutional protections for individuals against government action

4. What are civil rights?
Claims are raised when a group is denied access to facilities, opportunities, or services available to other groups
The issue is whether differences in treatment are reasonable

5. Protected Class
People protected from discrimination include minorities, women, those over 40, and the disabled.
What do these groups have in common?

6. Public v. Private Discrimination
The Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause prohibits discrimination by the government. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination by private entities in commerce. Discrimination by private organizations is not illegal (private country clubs, the Boy Scouts). Why?

7. Classifications
Strict scrutiny: racial classifications are inherently suspect and are upheld only if they serve a “compelling public interest.”
Mid-level review: gender classifications must bear a substantial relationship to an important legislative purpose
Rational basis test: reasonable, bearing a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental interest.

8. Discrimination by the Government
The Fourteenth Amendment requires equal protection of the laws for any “person” within the jurisdiction of the State.

9. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
De jure school segregation is ruled unconstitutional, as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
This is because segregation damages the “hearts and minds” of black children.
The Court uses social science evidence (doll studies).

10. Desegregation v. Integration
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg (1971): remedies may include racial quotas, redrawn district lines, and court- ordered busing
Inter-city busing could be authorized only if both the city and the suburbs had practiced segregation
Busing remains controversial

11. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination in public places.
Forbids discrimination in employment.
Creates the EEOC.
Withholds federal grants from discriminating institutions.
Authorizes suits by the Justice Department.

12. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964)
A hotel owner refused to rent rooms to African Americans
He claimed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 infringed on his rights as a private property owner
The Court upheld Congress’s authority to pass the Civil Right Act under the Commerce Clause.

13. Gender-Based Discrimination
Mid-level review versus strict scrutiny
Court chooses a blend—more than reasonable but not as much as strict scrutiny.
Arbitrary differences are not allowed.
Some gender-based differences, such as the all-male draft, are allowed by courts

14. Sexual Harassment
Quid pro quo: sexual favors are required as a condition for holding a job or for promotion; employers are strictly liable
Hostile environment: creating a setting in which harassment impairs a person’s ability to work; employers are liable if they were negligent

15. Gays and the Constitution
Romer v. Evans (1996): Colorado voters had adopted state constitutional amendment making it illegal to protect persons based on gay, lesbian or bisexual orientation; the Court overturns it
Lawrence v. Texas (2003): The Court overturned a Texas law banning sexual conduct between persons of the same sex. This is a privacy case, with civil rights implications.

16. The Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)
Requires employers to make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees.
This has given rise to two issues:
What constitutes a disability?
What is meant by a “reasonable” accommodation?