1. The Age of Anxiety
AP World History

2. Europe’s mood after the Great War

3. Post-WWI Europe Decade can be divided into two periods
Five Years of Painful Recovery ( )
Six Years of Growing Peace and Progress ( )
Time period usually called- The Roaring Twenties
Transformation of Europe
Period of Social Change
Scientific and Cultural Transformation
German Hyperinflation

4. Europe after the Great War

5. Social Changes of the 1920s
Class distinctions faded away as role of aristocracy declined
Government expansion led to expansion of “white-collar” jobs
Advancements in technology prevented growth of working class
Women earned the right to vote
Many argued that it did not effect politics as women voted like male relatives- not a “voter base” yet

6. Scientific Revolution
Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg challenged traditional ideas of the universe
“Truth was merely a set of mental constructs”
Atomic world replaces classical world
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis was the key to understanding human behavior

7. Artistic Revolution Literature Art Ernest Hemmingway John Steinbeck
Edgar Degas
Pablo Picasso
Salvador Dali
Race Horses by Degas
Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon by Picasso
The Persistence of Memory by Dali

8. German Hyperinflation
German economy collapsed in 1923
Loss of territory as part of Treaty of Versailles
Hyper-inflation

9. Pictures of Hyperinflation
What can you do with German money in 1923?
Make a fort (above) or burn it for heat (right)

10. The Dawes Plan U.S. plan to reorganize the German economy
Lower annual war reparations payments
German currency reorganized
U.S. loans to Germany
Stabilizes the German economy
sees a return to relative economic prosperity

11. The Dawes Plan United States Germany Allies High-interest Loans
Interest on War Debts
War Reparations
Allies

12. The Great Depression

13. Causes of the Great Depression
Agricultural Depression
Decline in wheat prices
“Dust Bowl”
Bank Failures
Overproduction of Goods
Production grew by 50%; wages increased at slower rate
Credit
Buying goods (including stock) on margin

14. Effects of the Great Depression
Decline of world trade
Countries turn to economic nationalism
Massive unemployment
German unemployment 40%
Global decline in industrial production
German production declines by 30%; France 20%
Poverty and hunger widespread
Starvation in Germany

15. Reactions to the Depression
Government Changes
Welfare State
The New Deal
Keynesian Economics
Political Radicalization
Rise of communist and fascist parties
Germany and Japan turn to state controlled economic growth

16. Totalitarianism and Mass Mobilization

17. Characteristics of Totalitarianism
Attack liberal democracy and capitalism
State directed economy
State more important than the individual
Charismatic dictators
Depend upon mobilization of the masses
Embrace public welfare programs
Use censorship and propaganda
Women not permitted a public role

18. Rise of Adolf Hitler Born in Austria Served in World War I
High school dropout
Served in World War I
Arrested for role in Beer Hall Putsch (attempted coup in 1923)
Writes Mein Kampf from prison
Became chancellor of Germany in 1933

19. Reforms of Adolf Hitler
Ignores provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
Ends war reparations payments
Uses militarization to ease the burdens of the Great Depression
Many countries sympathized with Germany
Nazis seize complete political control
Beginning of the Holocaust
Nuremburg Laws (1935)

20. Nazi Propaganda
The Annexation of Austria

21. Flashback: Treaty of Versailles
Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany:
Ceded significant amounts of land
Had to pay billions of dollars in reparations to allied countries
Had to keep a small military
Image credit:
German delegates at Versailles

22. Germany’s Economic Collapse
Many Germans were angry about the terms of the treaty of Versailles. Germany suffered economic collapse during the 1920s and 1930s. Germans began to look for a leader that could restore Germany to its former glory.
Image Credit:
Worthless money used as wallpaper

23. Annexation of Austria
Hitler became chancellor in 1933 and began to challenge the Versailles treaty. In March of 1938, German troops moved into Austria in order to annex the country and bring it under Nazi rule.
Image:

24. Public Vote
Image:
In April of 1938, Germans and Austrians were given the opportunity to ratify the annexation in a public vote.

25. Vote Results
When the votes were tallied, 98.9% of Germans and 99.71% of Austrians voted to ratify the annexation of Austria.
Even given the unpopularity of the Treaty of Versailles, this seems like an incredible margin of victory.
This has led historians to closely examine the tactics that Nazi leaders used to ensure their desired result on the referendum.

26. Central Historical Question
How did the Nazi Party convince 99% of Germans and Austrians to support the annexation of Austria?