1. Copy these rules to your Methods notes
RULES: Pay attention.
2. Follow directions.
3. Stay with class—cut for cut.
4. Don’t mess around.
Use tools properly.
6. Be respectful to the frog.

2. Add these to your Background notes
ANIMALIA
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
CLASS ___________________________
ORDER _______________________________
FAMILY _____________________________
Genus _____________________________
Species _____________________________
CHORDATA
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”
Ranidae

4. Add these to your Background notes
ORDERS

5. AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Add these to your Background notes
AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales or hair
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills when in water, then lungs and through skin on land
2 types of blood circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

6. FROGS Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands

7. BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
Write this Question:
6.How do frogs respire using skin?
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

8. ECTOTHERMIC “cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment

9. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
Write this Question:
5.Where are fat bodies located and what do they look like?
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
Images from:

10. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail
2 chambers in heart  3 chambers in heart
1 loop circulation  2 loop circulation
Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia (gills & kidneys)
excrete urea(kidneys)

11. Part 1: External Anatomy

12. OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION:
ventral-belly side, dorsal-back side, thumb pads, 4 digits-forelimb, 5 digits-hindlimb, no ribs, nictitating membrane, tympanum, mouth-tongue, Eustachian tube, maxillary teeth, vomerine teeth, glottis, eye bulges, gullet

13. Dorsal Side—back side
Ventral Side—belly side

14. NO CLAWS Add this detail to your Questions notes Write this Question:
RESULTS:
SKETCH the frog’s muscular hind leg
INCLUDE webbing between the toes
Write this Question:
1. How do adult frogs use webbing on feet and hind legs for movement?
image from:

15. What sex is it? Write this Question:
7. Will internal parts support what we conclude about the sex of our frog from the outside parts?
What sex is it?
RESULTS:
SKETCH the frog outline from the bottom
SKETCH the thumb, showing pad or not
WRITE the gender and name you give it
Images from:

17. AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”
Sperm and egg same time and place in water
Increases chances of fertilization

18. CLOACA EXIT OPENINGS OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY, REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
______________
CLOACA
Write this Question:
8. Can we see how three systems empty into the cloaca?

19. Nictitating membrane Write this Question:
The nares primary role is to let air into
and out of the frog. This is a view of
the nares from outside of the frog.
Write this Question:
2. How are nares, nictitating membranes and tympanic membranes adaptations to amphibious lifestyle?
RESULTS:
SKETCH the frog head from side
INCLUDE and LABEL these 3 parts
The tympanum, found just behind the eyes,
functions as the ears of the frog.
They receive sound waves both above
and below water allowing the frog to hear.
Nictitating membrane
image from:

20. Part 2: Digestive System: The Mouth

21. A. The Tongue
Cut the edges of the jaw with scissors. Cut back until you hear a crack (hit jaw bone)
Write this Question:
3. How does the tongue attachment and other mouth parts help frogs capture food?
METHODS:
DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s mouth to see the parts

22. Tongue
The tongue aids in swallowing and catching prey. In humans the tongue also aids in speech and taste.

23. Watch the tongue and notice that the eyes start to close—bulging the eyes into the mouth to help swallow.

24. Is this animation correct?
Imagse from:
Is this animation correct?
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

25. Where do the eustachian tubes lead?
The eustachian tubes function to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum or tympanum
Where do the eustachian tubes lead?
tympanum
Eustachian Tubes

26. This set of teeth is used for holding prey.
Maxillary Teeth
Rub your fingers along the inside edge of the frog’s upper jaw. You should feel the maxillary teeth.
This set of teeth is used for holding prey.

27. This set of teeth is also used for holding prey.
Extending from the roof of the mouth are two vomerine teeth
Vomerine Teeth

28. To where does the glottis lead?
lungs
The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords at the upper part of the windpipe or larynx.

29. To where does the gullet lead?
esophagus and then stomach
Food is swallowed through the gullet & then through the esophagus where peristalsis aids its movement to the stomach.
RESULTS:
SKETCH the frog’s open mouth
INCLUDE and LABEL the mouth parts
that frogs use to eat food

30. DAY TWO: cut opened, pinned down legs
OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION:
oviducts and eggs, fat bodies
Digestive System: liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
Circulatory System: 3 chambered heart: right and left atrium, ventricle
Respiratory System: lungs
Urogenital System: oviducts/eggs or testes, kidneys, cloaca/vent, urinary bladder
spleen

31. Dissection Cuts 3 main cuts total -1. Cut from abdomen up to neck
-2. Cut across front legs
-3. Cut across rear legs
*Have to perform cuts twice. Once to cut through skin, then again to cut through muscle*
*When finished, fold back skin flaps*
METHODS:
DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s skin and muscle layer to see the parts

32. Image from; http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

33. Dissection Cuts First Muscle Incision
First Muscle Incision
1. Repeat the incisions, this time through the muscle layer.
2. Make a small cut with the scissors at the rear legs of the frog.
3. Using the scissors, continue the incision up the midline to a point just below the front legs.
4. Be careful that you don't cut too deeply. The muscle is thin. It is easy to damage the organs underneath.

34. Dissection Cuts Muscle Horizontal 1. Make the horizontal incisions.
Muscle Horizontal
1. Make the horizontal incisions.
2. Just as you did with the skin, make a sideways incision in the muscle with the scissors.
3. Make the first incision between the front legs.
4. The next incision is just above the rear legs.

35. T-Pins
Place a t-pin in each foot at an angle facing the body of the frog.

36. Part 3: Digestive System: Internal Organs
Write this Question:
4. How does a frog’s digestive system break down food, absorb nutrients, and process undigested material?

37. Removal of Eggs
If you have a female frog, you may have many black circle shaped structures on the inside of the frog when you it.
These are eggs and need to be removed so that you can see the organs below them.
METHODS:
IF YOU HAVE EGGS, DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you removed them to see other parts

38. Oviducts
& Eggs
The oviducts are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The eggs are the female reproductive cell.
RESULTS:
IF YOU HAVE THEM, SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s oviducts, ovaries and eggs

39. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during Hibernation Estivation Breeding
spleen
fat bodies
RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL the fat bodies and their location
Image from:

40. STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys
Store bile

41. Liver is the largest structure in the body cavity.
The Liver has 3 lobes.
(Humans have 4 lobes)
The liver produces bile, a substance that emulsifies fats contained within the food we eat, and stores it in the gall bladder to be secreted into the small intestine.

42. Gall Bladder (greenish-brown sac)
The gall bladder stores bile that is received from the liver. Bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the first section of the small intestine (duodenum) to help aid in digestion.
Gall Bladder (greenish-brown sac)
-is located behind liver

43. Stomach
In the stomach food is further broken down by gastric juices and peristalsis until it becomes a liquid substance called chyme.
RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s digestive organs in the abdomen in the order food passes through (pancreas, liver and gallbladder right after stomach)

44. PANCREAS: Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- digestive enzymes that break down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream

45. Pancreas (enlarged)

46. Mesentery holds intestines together
Small
Intestine
The small intestine receives the mixture of chyme from the stomach through the pyloric valve. In the small intestine nutrients are absorbed from the tiny villi lining the inner walls of the small intestine.
Mesentery holds intestines together

47. Large
Intestine
Large intestine leads to cloaca.
-function of cloaca = collecting space
for urine, feces, and eggs or sperm.
The main role of the large intestine is to absorb water and store fecal material until it can be excreted from the body.

48. Part 4: Circulatory System: The Heart
Write this Question:
5. How does blood circulate through the heart and body to provide oxygen and nutrients?

49. HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle
Image from:

51. A. The Heart A frog heart has 3 chambers: 2 atria 1 ventricle
Pericardial membrane is around heart.
Ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium

52. Part 6: The Respiratory System

53. http://www. flushing. k12. mi. us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index
LUNGS:
GAS EXCHANGE

54. Lungs
RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL the chambers of the heart
ADD the lungs
ADD the mesentary
ADD arrows to show the flow of blood to and from the lungs ADD arrows to show the flow of blood to the mesentary and rest of the body and back to the heart
The lungs transport oxygen to the blood as well as remove waste like carbon dioxide through a process called respiration.

55. Respiration through skin
RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL an example of arteries, capillaries and veins in the skin
Hold a flap of skin up to the light and observe the blood vessels that allow respiring

56. Part 5: The Urogenital System

57. Is Your Frog a Girl or a Boy?
RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s oviducts, ovaries and eggs OR
SKETCH and LABEL the testes and sperm ducts
Female
Male
ovary/eggs
oviduct
Functions: transport eggs, add jelly coating
Testes
Function: Make sperm

58. This frog is a ______________ male female? ?
testes
? = _______________
This frog is a ______________ male female
male

59. KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
Image from:

60. The kidneys lie along the back of either side of the spine.
The Kidneys filter out waste from the blood through structures known as nephrons. The waste removed is combined with water to form urine.

61. CLOACA DIGESTIVE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE RESULTS:
SKETCH and LABEL the urinary bladder, rectum, and sperm ducts or oviducts emptying into the cloaca

62. URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS
Attached to the cloaca is the urinary bladder.
STORES URINE
MADE BY KIDNEYS
LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water

63. Spleen
The spleen helps to destroy old red blood cells and lymphocytes, which are cells that produce antibodies to help fight infected and cancerous cells.

64. DAY THREE:
Removed all of the above organs and placed on an identification paper.

65. DAY FOUR:
skinned hind limb, Achilles tendon, femur, tibiofibula, tarsal, metatarsals, bone marrow, eyes, brain
labeled diagram and completed post lab questions.

66. CUT HERE
After making the cut, wave at me.
Achilles tendon

67. Lower Skelton of Frog

68. BRAIN

69. THE END