1. BACTERIA
Chapter 18 p. 516

2. Many scientists believe that the first organisms on Earth were microscopic, single-celled organisms called prokaryotes
Prokaryotes means: before a nucleus

4. 2 Domains Domain Bacteria – true bacteria
Found in all environments except extreme environments
Domain Archaea – extremophiles
Found in hostile environments
Barophiles
Deep sea vents
Halophiles
Salty environments
Thermoacidophiles
Hot and acidic environments
Methanogens
Digestive tract of humans

5. BACTERIA Characteristics Conditions in which bacteria grow Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Microscopic
Conditions in which bacteria grow
Heat
Moisture
Food
Cell Phones - Bacteria Growth
Bacteria growth - fruit

6. Bacteria contain the following structures
DNA
cell wall
thin plasma membrane
Flagella - movement
cilia - movement
Pili – helps with reproduction
Capsule – prevent drying

7. 3 Shapes bacteria can take
Cocci
round
Bacilli
rod
Spirilla
spiral

8. Rod-Shaped Bacteria

9. Spherical Bacteria

10. Spiral-Shaped Bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete:

11. 3 arrangements bacteria can have
Staphlo
Grape like clusters
Strepto
chains
Diplo
pairs

12. Staining Bacteria
Gram negative
red
double layer
more pathogenic
Gram positive
purple
single layer

13. Bacteria can reproduce 3 ways:
Binary fission
Bacteria Growth
bacteria divides into 2 identical cells

14. Conjugation Uses protein bridge called a pilus
process by which bacteria exchange genetic information
Uses protein bridge called a pilus
no new offspring are produced

15. Spore Formation
allows bacteria to remain dormant when conditions are unfavorable to reproduce
has thick internal wall that protects DNA

16. How do scientists study bacteria growth?
bacteria is grown on an agar rich gel
can determine the shapes and arrangement of the bacteria
then different types of medicine is used to see what is effective
Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance

18. Bacterial Metabolism Obligate aerobes – Obligate anaerobes –
Heterotrophs –
Photoautotrophs -
Chemoautotrophs –
Extreme Metabolic Ranges

19. Bacterial diseases: What are they and what do they affect?
Gram + infections:
Streptococcus
Strep throat
Staphylococci (staph infection)

20. Diphtheria
membrane becomes inflamed over windpipe
Botulism
Food poisoning

21. Tetanus
caused by deep puncture wound
produces poisons and toxins which over stimulates the nervous system
causes muscle spasms
commonly known as lock jaw

22. Gram – infections Acid Fast infections E. Coli found in your intestine
improperly processed meat
Acid Fast infections
TB –(tuberculosis)
affects the lungs

23. Leprosy (Hansen's Bacillus)
attacks and destroys nerves
causes deformities, even loss of parts

24. VIRUSES
What is a virus made of?
non cellular
DNA or RNA
protein coat

25. Properties / Characteristics
dormant unless in a host cell
reproduce only when in a host cell
all energy derived from host
smaller than a bacteria cell

27. Cycle of a virus Lytic Cycle attaches to the cell
injects its DNA or RNA into cell
viral DNA programs cell RNA to produce viruses as a result shuts down cell activity
cell bursts and releases viruses
Video

28. Lysogenic Cycle attaches to cell
DNA of virus enters cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell
prophage lies dormant for many years

29. becomes active because of stress or change in body
lytic cycle begins

30. Viruses can be transmitted in 4 ways:
coughing, sneezing

31. ingesting infected food
animal bites

32. physical contact
bodily fluids

33. Viral Infections glands in your neck tired, headaches
Mononucleosis or Herpes 2
glands in your neck
tired, headaches
Corona virus
causes bronchitis

34. Mumps
causes the swelling of the salivary glands,
can affect other organs as well
Measles
usually affects the skin
can affect the respiratory system, brain

35. attacks the spinal cord
Chicken pox
Poliomyelitis (polio)
attacks the spinal cord

36. Herpes 1
common cold sore
Conjunctivitis
pink eye

37. How are viral infections cured?
no known antibiotic or treatment
body’s is its own natural defense mechanism
must run its course
can only treat the symptoms
when body detects virus (antigen), body produces antibodies called plasmacytes
fight off viruses
remains in blood
a single attack of a virus usually results in lifelong immunity
Can viral infections repeat themselves?

39. What is an immunization?
weakened or killed virus strain
cannot cause disease
helps to produce the stimulation of antibody production
immunizations are used against
Polio
Measles
Chicken pox
Mumps
Influenza (flu)

40. What is a retrovirus? contains RNA instead of DNA works backwards
example
HIV -- Aids

41. ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotics
powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections when your own immune system cannot
effective because they either kill bacteria or keep them from reproducing.
Why effective?
because bacteria reproduce by binary fission, all of the bacteria are the same