1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 23
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts Human land use Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation
Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration

3. Land Use in the World
Fig. 23-2
p. 595

4. Land Use in the United States
Rangeland and pasture 29%
Fig p. 595

5. Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

6. US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4
p. 596

7. Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Takings and property rights

8. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification

9. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation

10. Forest Structure
Fig p. 601

11. Types of Forests Old-growth (frontier) forests Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation
Fig p. 609

12. Forest Management Rotation cycle Even-aged management
Industrial forestry
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use

13. Management Strategies
Fig p. 601
Fig p. 602

14. Logging Roads Increased erosion and runoff Habitat fragmentation
Pathways for exotic species
Accessibility to humans
Fig p. 602

15. Harvesting Trees Selective cutting High-grading Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Clearcutting
Strip cutting
Fig p. 603

16. Sustainable Forestry Longer rotations Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown (See Solutions p. 598)

17. Pathogens Fungal Diseases Chestnut blight Dutch elm disease
Insect Pests
Bark beetles
Gypsy moth

18. Fire
Surface fires
Crown fires
Fig p. 607

19. Forest Resources and Management in the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Water purification services
Recreation
3% of timber harvest
Sustainable yield and multiple use
Substitutes for tree products

20. Tropical Deforestation
Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity
Cultural extinction
Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
Clearing for cash crop plantations
Commercial logging
Fuelwood

21. Degradation of Tropical Forests
Fig
p. 615

22. Reducing Tropical Deforestation
Identification of critical ecosystems
Reducing poverty and population growth
Sustainable tropical agriculture
Encourage protection of large tracts
Debt-for-nature swaps
Less destructive harvesting methods

23. The Fuelwood Crisis Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants
Burning wood more efficiently
Switching to other fuels
Fig p. 618

24. Managing and Sustaining National Parks
Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity
Invasion by exotic species
Popularity a major problem
Traffic jams and air pollution
Visitor impact (noise)
Natural regulation
Better pay for park staff

25. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include some moderate disturbance
Sustain natural ecological processes
Protect most important areas
Buffer zones
Gap analysis
See Solutions p. 625
Wilderness areas

26. Ecological Restoration
Restoration ecology
Rehabilitation
See Individuals Matter p. 630
Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystems
Natural restoration