1. “Am. Civs 3” Aim: How did the Inca civilization develop?
Do Now: Generally, how do civilizations of the Americans compare to European civilizations
HW: See web site
SWBAT: describe the main achievements of the early people of Peru
Explain how the Incan emperors extended and maintained their empire.
Describe how the Incas lived & the main features of the civilization

2. The Incas

3. Early ppl in Peru / Geography
Settled in Andes Mountains –hot during the day, freezing at night.
Like the Mayas, built large ceremonial centers & developed skills in pottery & weaving.
Q: How does settling in the mountains impact their civilization?
Q: If the Incas had no writing system, how do we know so much about them?
Q: Is Inca culture still alive today?

4. Chavin
Named for the ruins at Chavin in the Andes.
850bce, ppl built a huge temple complex.
Worshipped deities with the features of humans & animals (jaguar, etc.)
Arts & religion later influenced peoples of Peru
Mochica (Moche) (Period 2: 600bce – 600ce)
Bw about 100 & 700ce, Mochica ppl forged an empire along the arid north coast of Peru.
Were skilled farmers, developed methods of irrigation.
Leaders built roads & organized networks of runners to carry messages (Incas later adopt).
Produced remarkable pots, decorated with realistic scenes of daily life.
One of the earliest Andean states, which left a remarkable artistic legacy through its ceramics
Nazca: S. Peru, Nazca ppl etched glyphs (pictograph or other symbol) in the desert.
Both the Chumu & the Chucuito were eclipsed by the rise of the Inca in the mid-15th c.
Chavin, Mochica, & Nazca all influenced the Inca
Drew on ideas & skills of the peoples they conquered.
Chavin
Mochica Pottery

5. Incas (1400s-1536) - Political
In S. Am., 1st complex societies developed in the Andes Mountains
Pachacuti, a skilled warrior & dynamic leader, was the founder who defeated the rival Chunkas tribe.
Transformed his ppl from an obscure Andean tribe to a great empire. He saved Cuzco, then lead army into wars of conquest to subdue neighboring peoples & enlisted them in his armies.
In less than 100 years, Incan territory grew into a massive expanse covering 3,000 miles north to south, from Chile to Ecuador, & stretching from the Pacific coast to the upper Amazon.
Capital – Cuzco
Incas expanded b/c each new Inca ruler had to secure new land & wealth for himself
Q: What is the best way to rule conquered people?
Q: How did the Inca rule the people they conquered?
Pachacuti

6. Incas - Gov’t
Unlike many European empires (which are inclined to sweep away preexisting social & political structures), the Incas were successful b/c they used the existing structures of the conquered ppl. Didn’t try to change their lives, weren’t taxed, but were expected to work for them, in return provided them with services & goods, food & clothing, beer, coca, & even entertainment.
Conquered rulers were not humiliated, but exulted. Gifts were given & items were given back. Gentle hand, but balanced by a steel fist.
Ruler was known as Great Inca. Was considered a sacred descendant of the sun god, & to look at him directly was an offense punishable by death.
Organized all conquered groups into the empire that functioned as a unit
Law was quite severe, strict punishments for many offenses. The higher the status of the indiv., the more severe the punishment.
Had great military organization. Their superior army, leaders, equipment, & tactics helped them to defeat their enemies. Disciplined army mainly comprised ppl recruited from already conquered groups.
Used the sling. Bows & arrows were not a highland weapon
Q: is it prudent to recruit conquered people into your army?

7. Inca - Social
Ppl lived in close-knit communities, called Ayllus. Assigned jobs to each family, arranged marriages. (Ayllu is similar to the Mexica calpulli in that both were the basic organizing units of rural society)
Gov’t took possession of each harvest, dividing it among the ppl & storing part of it in case of famine.
All land in the Inca state was owned by the state but assigned & redistributed to others
King could have many wives. King was supposed to marry his sister & the children would be heir to the throne.
Andean society showed greater cultural, political, & economic regional diversity than did Mesoamerican society b/c the difficult geographic barriers in the Andes Mountains made unity & uniformity impossible.
Q: is it better to have the gov’t or the ppl control the food supply?
Q: What was the Incan economy like?

8. Inca - Economic Incan Digging Sticks
Economy refers to the management of a society’s resources, including the way people produce & distribute food, raw materials, & manufactured goods. Their economy was not based on money, goods were bartered b/w indiv.
Terrace farming – surfaces were carved, staircases fashioned out of the mountains’ sloped sides to create hundreds of fields. Was labor-intensive, but allowed farmers to work in environments not naturally favorable for agriculture.
Would last a very long time.
40 rows of farming terraces, each over 10 feet high, linked together by 3000 stone steps.
Irrigation canals, lined with rocks, carried water up to 500 miles to the crops.
Fertilizer from birds provided crops with rich nitrates .
Incan Terrace Farming
Incan Digging Sticks

9. Inca - Economic
Land was not owned by indivs, belonged to a person’s ayllus. Each yr., the land was redistributed. Newlyweds were given a new plot of land & as they had babies, they were given more land.
They farmed cooperatively & the harvest was divided – one part to the state, the priest, & to the Ayllus
Food – quinoa (mid-altitude grain with a high protein content), yucca, potatoes, peanuts, avocadoes, beans, squash, sweet potatoes.
Q: What do you think about the Ayllus? Does it remind of you of any other system?
Produce from a Typical Incan Market
Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

10. Inca - Economic
Goods were transported on the backs of humans & animals. The llama was the only pack animal used, but it was ideally suited to the Andes. Llamas can carry a load of about 80 lbs up & down steep slopes. Although horses & donkeys introduced by the Spaniards can carry heavier loads, they have neither the endurance nor the surefootedness of llamas.
The llamas & alpacas were so important to the Inca bc they served as useful pack animals in the high Andes, they provided wool for Inca textiles, they provided hides for leather products & their dung could be used as fuel
Producing clothes was the second largest industry in the empire, after agriculture.
Clothes had ceremonial & political uses as well. Virtually all sacrifices to Inca gods involved the burning of cloth.

11. Incan Ceramic Jars Cacao God Cacao Pod Potato Squash Peanut
Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work
Cacao God
Cacao Pod
Potato
Squash
Peanut

12. Inca - Religion
Incas were polytheistic – had many deities, or gods, each with an area of influence & power.
Other religious practices included all of these attributes: animism, ancestor worship, sun worship, theocratic government.
Chief God – Inti - Sun God; Ilapa – the Weather God; Mamaquilla – the Moon God
Had festivals worshipping the Gods.
Incas believed they were the embodiment of the sun.
Practiced human & child sacrificing.
Practice of child sacrifice might appear cruel to the reader, but one must remember that the sacrifice only occurred for the most important religious reasons. Sacrificed because they were considered the most worthy thing that could be offered to the gods.
Veneration worship persisted in many areas: Andean, E. Asia, Africa, The Mediterranean region.
Shamanism & animism continued to shape the lives of people within & outside of core civs. b/c of their daily reliance of the natural world.

13. Inca - Cultural
They introduced the Quechua language to their subjects, which is still spoke by millions of ppl in areas from Ecuador to Chile & it is the official 2nd language of Peru.
No written language, however, developed a high level of cultural sophistication without developing a system of writing.
To keep financial records & accounts, tally crops, llama herds, weapons, births & deaths, Andean civilizations used an elaborate system of knots tied in cords. It was called Quipu. Knotted strings which represented math figures
Literature was oral. Consisted of prayers & hymns, dramatic pieces, narrative poems. About love, many references to nature.
Q: How did people who didn’t’ have horses or any form of
written message-sending put
together an organization that
coordinated a number of ppl of
12 mill
Systems of record keeping arose
Independently in all early civilizations
Cuneiform, Hieroglyphs, Quipu,
Pictographs, Alphabets

14. Inca - Achievements - Transportation
Road system – largest in ancient times (13, ,000 miles of roads). Elaborate system of transport & communications
Every mile or so along the road was a hut occupied by a messenger. When a runner neared the hut, the occupant came out and ran alongside him, heard the message to be passed on & perhaps took a Quipu, & then ran a fast as possible to the next hut along the route.
A message could travel 150 miles a day on this route, or go from Lima to Cuzco in three days. In comparisons, Spanish mail by horse took twelve to thirteen days two centuries later! This is also how fish could be brought to the Inca king in Cuzco before it spoiled. Runners served 15-day rotations for this occupation.
Inca roads proved a powerful empire-building tool bc they allowed the Inca govt to communicate easily with all parts of the empire & to send troops rapidly to problem spots in the empire

15. Inca - Achievements - Transportation
To link empire, build bridges. Had coil graphs (straw that they would braid) & eventually be made into cables as thick as a human arm.
Cables were coiled together & carried to a river site. Floated across the river & secured on the other side. Some bridges may last 50 years.
Inca Suspension Bridges

16. Achievements
Best known as highly skilled stoneworkers, able to construct buildings of massive stones that were so well fitted together that a knife blade could not squeeze between them. They did not use cement nor mortar
Not only are many of their buildings still standing after almost 500 years in one of the most volcanically active regions of the world, but their irrigation systems continue to function & their terraces continue to support fields of corn, potatoes, & other products.
In a recent severe earthquake in the Colca valley of southern Peru, virtually all the houses in the town of Macas were destroyed. The only ones standing were those that had been built by the Incas, who apparently knew better than the people of today the most firm ground on which to build.
Q: How have their buildings been able to stay in tact?
Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

17. Achievements -Medicine
Developed medical practices, including surgery on the human skull. Cleaned operating room, made patient unconscious with a drug, procedures closer to the use of modern antiseptics than anything practiced in Europe at the time.
With rudimentary tools of copper & silver they performed brain surgery that to this day impresses all the world’s medical profession.
Many operations were successful b/c excavated skulls show evidence of having healed prior to death.
Inca resourcefulness were astounding. Even plugged skulls with gold.
Incan Mummies

18. Advances - Metalworking & Others
Were the best metalworkers in the Americas.
Used decimal system, understood the concept of 0.
Calendar
Q: How could such an advanced civilization be subdued by the Europeans?
Incan Gold & Silver

19. Incas Conquered
By 1532, Incas were undisputed masters of western S. Am. empire nearly 100 years old, 2000 miles long & rulers of more than 10 million people
40 yrs. after Columbus discovered new world, Pizarro lands on the coast of Peru, searching for El Dorado, fabled land of gold. Pizarro commands 180 men against 200,000 Inca warriors.
1) Superior Weapons & Animals - Had horses, steel swords, muskets, cannons.
2) Disease - Epidemics that had begun to sweep the empire before Pizarro arrival.
When Pizarro arrived, he found thousands dead & dying of diseases, European diseases. Emperor himself died.
3) Civil War - broke out bw two rival brothers. It is possible that if he arrived 1 year earlier, could have been crushed.
Meeting was arranged between Atahualpa &the Spaniards, who launched a surprise attack to kidnap the king & hold for ransom.
King tried to buy his life with gold. They were offered to Pizarro, melted them down, & but murdered the leader anyway.
Desperate fighting for years to come & in the end the Incas were vanquished by the Spanish. New masters transferred them into laborers and Christians.
As Spanish plundered Inca empire wealth, they never discovered Machu Picchu.

20. Machu Picchu
9,000 ft. above sea level. 200 magnificent stone structures.
At its peak, would have been in hundreds (500 or 600 ). Small town.
Various theories – 1) Site was royal estate, place that Inca elite would go to get away from Cuzco to enjoy, esp. when weather was unfavorable in Cuzco.
2) Solemn center of worship, where sacred virgins were scarified to the gods
3) Its last capital
 Scholars believe that by early 16c, a mere 50 years after finished, it was no longer inhabited.
Q:Why work so hard to build it then suddenly abandon it.

21. Complete the comparison chart
Point of Comparison
Maya
Aztecs
INcas
Another Civ.

22. “Am. Civs 4” Aim: How did various civilizations develop in N. Am.?
Do Now: What do you know about Native N. Am. culture in the time before the Europeans arrived?
HW: Work on DBQ
SWBAT: identify various civilizations in North America
Describe features of several civilizations in n. Am.
Explain how diverse regional cultures in the Americans differed from one another.

23. Oceania
Agriculture took root after 3000 bce in New Guinea but not in Australia bc the Austronesian merchants who settled in New Guinea brought agriculture to that island, but the peoples of Australia had little sustained contact with these settlers.
The aboriginal peoples of Australia maintained hunting & gathering societies, while in New Guinea they turned to agriculture.
The primary reasons for the spread of Austronesian peoples throughout the Pacific were population pressures & internal conflicts.
The seafaring technology (outrigger canoe) made it possible for Austronesian-speaking ppl to travel throughout the Pacific
Q: What impact did geography have on trade and centralization?

24. Oceania.
Geography had a big impact on the establishment of large kingdoms or empires in Oceania during the period of ce. Transportation & communication issues made it difficult to establish large centralized states in much of Oceania
Goods were traded in aboriginal Australia bc they were passed from one aboriginal community to another until they came to rest in distant places
By 700ce, human migrations established communities throughout every habitable part of the world.

25. Southwest - Anasazi
Unlike their Mezo-Am. counterparts, N. Am. Indian societies possessed no form of writing.
Best known society of the southwest (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah).
built large villages, remains still stand in N.Mex. Huge complex with 800 rooms, 6,000 ppl.
1100s built cliff dwellings, offered protections from raiders.
Late 1200s, drought forced the Anasazi to abandon their cliff dwellings. Attacks by Navajos & Apaches contributed further to their decline.
The Pueblo & Navajo peoples of the Am. southwest lived a settled, agricultural existence. They differed from the eastern woodland ppl who were mainly hunter-gatherers.
Q: How come these groups of people are not as well known as the big 3 – A, I, M?

26. Woodland (east) Farmers – Mound Builders
700bce farming cultures in the Mississippi valley emerged.
Adena & Hopewell people left behind giant earthen mounds
Cahokia – 800s – built clusters of open mounds, greatest center, Illinois, housed as many as 40,000. On top of some mounds stood the homes of rulers & nobles.
Cahokia was the N. Am. mound that was the 3rd largest structure in the pre-Columbian Ams.
Mississippians left no written records & their cities had disappeared by the time Europeans reached the area.
The Mississippians built large mounds & were thought to have used them for religious purposes.

27. Diverse Regional Cultures
3. Eastern Woodlands – stretching from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Lakes, home to a number of groups, incl. the Iroquois. Cleared land & built villages in the forests.
In the late 1500s, Iroquois League, an alliance of 5 nations who spoke the same language & shared similar traditions, developed.
Did not always keep the peace, but was the best-organized political group north of Mexico.
Women were dominant in village domestic affairs
Encounters with Europeans took tool on the N. Ams.
Q: What was the point of the alliance?