1. PLANT TAXONOMY, NOMENCLATURE

2. History of Plant Systematics
Hippocrates ( BC)
230 medicinal plants
First plant classifications:
Aristotle (4th century BC)
Theophrastus (3rd, 2nd c. BC)
De Historia Plantarum
classification: trees, shrubs, grasses, perennials
distinguishes wild and cultivated plants
Dioscorides
De Materia Medica (78-77 BC): 579 species
natural plant groups:
e.g. conifers, trees with catkins, grasses

3. History of Plant Systematics
Caius Plinius Secundus (23-79)
Historia Naturalis
37 books: meteorology, geography, zoology
botany (> 1000 plants)
Claudius Galenus (130, Pergamon)
collection, identification (adultery!)
Ibn Sina Bohara = Avicenna ( )
Canon Medicinae
(2nd volume: 780 plants)

4. History of Plant Systematics
Herbaria:
Otto BRUNFELS ( ) – doctor, Bern
Herbarium, vivae e icones (1530, Strassburg)
Hieronymus Tragus BOCK ( )
Neu Kreuterbuch (1539, Strassburg)
Leonhard FUCHS ( )
De Historia Stirpium:
herbarium illustrated with wood cuts
Nicolaus MONARDES ( ) – doctor, Sevilla
Historia Medicinae (1569, Sevilla) – American species!
Drug Museum (1554!)

5. History of Plant Systematics
Herbaria:
Adamus LONICERUS ( )
Historia naturalis opus novum (1555, Frankfurt)
Pietro Andrea MATTIOLO ( )
Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis
(1565, Venice)
Johann, Theodor TABERNAEMONTANUS
( ) doctor in Heidelberg
> 3000 plants from the Old and New World

6. History of Plant Systematics
Famous Herbaria in Hungarian:
~ 1570: György Lencsés: Ars Medica –
1st in Hungarian
1578: Péter Melius Juhász : Herbarium:
cca. 600 plants – descriptions in Hungarian!

7. 1595: András Beythe: Herbarium

8. Famous Hungarian Herbaria
1656: János Kájoni (Csíksomlyó)
1664: János Lippay: Poson Garden gardener medicinal effects of plants

9. 1690 Ferenc Pápai Páriz Pax Corporis (8 editions to 1774)

10. 1775: József Csapó:

11. Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum Rariorum Hungariae:
Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum Rariorum Hungariae
botanist:
described 150 plants in Hungary for the 1st time
Pál Kitaibel
( )

12. 1807: Sámuel Diószegi and Mihály Fazekas: Hungarian Herbarium

13. History of Plant Systematics
Artificial systems before Linnaeus:
- plant classification on the basis of few morphological characters
Caesalpino ( )
1500 plant species, natural plant families
(e.g. mustard family, aster family)
Bauhin ( )
6000 plant systematics (binomial name!, synonyms)
Tournefort ( )
9000 species, 698 genera, 22 classes
Ray ( )
18000 plant species, circumscription (with adjectives), on the basis of morphological features

14. History of Plant Systematics
Carl LINNAEUS (Linné) ( )
Swedish doctor-botanist
1735 Systema Naturae
classification principles of minerals, plants and animals
1737 Genera Plantarum
description of plant genera
1753 Species Plantarum
- binomial nomenclature
e.g. Humulus lupulus L. ( L. = Linné - author)
- short species descriptions + synonyms
(e.g. Chamomilla recutita = Matricaria chamomilla)
- principle: mainly flower structure
genera and 7700 species
- following re-classification: „L.” in parentheses after the binomial Latin name
e.g. Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler

15. History of Plant Systematics
Natural systems:
- morphological, anatomical systems
- several outer and inner features
France:
Adanson: “Familles des Plantes” (1763):
- wide range of plant characteristics
Jussieu: “Genera Plantarum” (1789):
- monocots, dicots, plants without cotyledons
- apetalous, choripetalous and synsepalous plants
- plants with superior or inferior ovary
De Candolle family:
“Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis” ( )

16. History of Plant Systematics
Natural systems:
Botanists – Vienna:
Endlicher:
Thallophyta (lower plants – undifferentiated body)
Cormophyta (vascular plants)

17. History of Plant Systematics
Phylogenetic systems:
Charles Darwin – The Origin of Species (1859) – theory of evolution – phylogenetic relations
Hutchinson
Takhtadjan
Cronquist
Sándor Jávorka – Vera Csapody:
1934: Iconographia Florae Hungariae
(Hungarian Flora in Pictures)
Rezső Soó ( )
Plant Systematics and Geobotany of the Hungarian Flora and Vegetation
Dahlgren - dahlgrenograms
Hegnauer - chemotaxonomy

18. Dahlgrenograms

19. History of Plant Systematics
Modern (complex) systems:
Ehrendorfer (1991)
Thorne (1992)
Frohne (1992)
Attila Borhidi – University of Pécs (1993)

20. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS Taxonomic categories
Categories above species level
Plant Kingdom (Plantae)
Phylum / Division
e.g. Bryophyta (Bryophytes)
Pteridophyta (Pteridophytes)
Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Subphylum / Subdivison
e.g. Angiospermatophytina (Angiosperms)

21. Categories above species level
Taxonomic categories
Categories above species level
Classis / Class
e.g. Dicotyledonopsida (Dicots)
Ordo / Order
e.g. Rosales
Familia / Family
e.g. Rosaceae
Genus
e.g. Rumex (incl. R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus)

22. Taxonomic categories Species (Borhidi, 1993):
“community of common origin, whose populations are characterized by similar morphological and physiological features, as the result of a determined gene flow and whose range of variability is limited”
e.g. Rosa canina (dog rose) - binomial nomenclature!
Rosa – genus name – including all roses (e.g. Rosa pendulina)
canina – species name (specific epithet)

23. Taxonomic categories Categories below species level Subspecies (ssp.)
different geographic distribution, habitat
or association demand, morphogenetics
Allium ursinum ssp. ursinum - atlantic-submediterranean
Allium ursinum ssp. ucrainicum – balcanic, pannon
Varietas / Variety (var.)
polimorphic species
stable and heritable differences
no spatial or temporal isolation
Salvia officinalis var. ‘Tricolor’
Forma / Form (f.)
different from the typical representative of the species, differs mainly in size of vegetative plant parts
develops on environmental influence, can be heritable

24. Categories below species level
Taxonomic categories
Categories below species level
Cultivated plants
Cultivar (cv.):
cultivated individuals, important as ornamentals, medicinal plants etc.
Chemovarietas / Chemical variety:
group of individuals with a special, heritable chemical character

25. Phytochemical features
Species level: Pelargonium (geranium) species:
Pelargonium roseum, P. radens:
geraniol dominance  scent of rose
P. odoratissimum
citral dominance  scent of lemon
P. tomentosum
menthol dominance  scent of peppermint
Below species level: chemovarietas
Thymus vulgaris (common thyme)
“Thymol”, “Citral”, “Geraniol”  plant breeding

26. CHEMOTAXONOMY

27. Classification on chemotaxonomical basis
1. Inorganic ions:
Ca(COO)2 raphids:
Orchidales, Asparagales
CaCO3:
Urticales
SiO2:
Poales

28. Classification on chemotaxonomical basis
2. Products of primary metabolism:
special sugars, sugar alcohols
e.g. Rosaceae: sorbitol
polysaccharides
e.g. Asterales: inulin
1CH2OH |
H-2C-OH
HO-3C-H
H-4C-OH
H-5C- OH
6CH2OH
fructose polimer – inulin unit (Asteraceae)
fructose polimer – kestose unit (Poaceae)
sorbitol (D-sorbit)

29. Classification on chemotaxonomical basis
3. Semantides
(molecules carrying information)
Primary: DNA
Secondary: RNA
Tertiary: proteins

30. Classification on chemotaxonomical basis
4. Secondary metabolites:
Lipids (fatty acids and their esters)
Terpenoids (essential oil, saponin)
Phenoloids (tannins, flavonoids)
Asotoids (alkaloids, cyanogenic compounds)

31. Chemotaxonomic research
analyical chemistry
structural chemistry
optical isomers (e.g. atropine, hioscyamine)
taxonomy:
Dahlgren, Hegnauer
dahlgrenograms – based on chemotaxonomy

32. Significance of chemotaxonomy
E. palustre
Plant Classification:
at order,family and species level
Asterales: polyacetylenes
Gentianales: iridoids
Lamiaceae: essential oil: monoterpenes
Asteraceae: sesquiterpenes
Equisetum palustre: palustrine (toxic)
E. arvense: medicinal plant
E. arvense

33. Significance of chemotaxonomy
Physiological effects:
Therapeutical effect
Toxic effect
Alkaloids – strong physiological effect (dose-dependent)
e.g. Datura stramonium: atropine, scopolamine
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g. Asteraceae, Boraginaceae): carcinogenic in great amounts
e.g. Tussilago farfara (toxic: 3 kg)
Tussilago farfara
Datura stramonium

34. Significance of chemotaxonomy
Breeding – chemical character:
e.g. Papaver somniferum:
morphine poppy
tebaine poppy
codeine poppy
morphine

35. Chemotaxonomical features
Phenophase:
presence and amount of active compounds varies (before, during and after bloom)
e.g. Ficaria verna - protoanemonine