1. Hard and Soft Power

2. Definitions: Hard Power
Hard power refers to coercive tactics: the threat or use of armed forces, economic pressure or sanctions, assassination and deception, or other forms of intimidation.

3. Definitions: Hard Power
Hard power is generally associated to the stronger of nations, as the ability to change the domestic affairs of other nations through military threats.

4. Definitions: Soft Power
  "[Soft power] is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies. When our policies are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft power is enhanced."  Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

5. Definitions: Soft Power
However A well run military can be a source of attraction Example Napoleon I image as a Great General and military hero arguably attracted much of the foreign aristocracy to him. Hitler? Stalin?

6. Examples of Hard and Soft Power
At your table groups brainstorm possible examples of hard and soft power
Can be past and present
Renaissance, Reformation, Monarchs?
Need to be able to explain why
What would Machiavelli think?

7. Hard/Soft Power Spectrum
In small groups you will create a spectrum of different examples of both hard/soft power
You need to have 10 examples total throughout the spectrum
You must include Macbeth and Martin Luther in your spectrum
For each example, you need to justify their location on the spectrum
Aim to have a variety – not just all hard power
Soft Power
Moderate
Hard Power

8. The Rise of Prussia

10. Prussia Another state to emerge from the Holy Roman Empire
Beginning of German unity – sort of
Prussia – Northern Germany – Berlin area
Frederick William I is King
Sees destruction of Thirty Years War and vows to always have a strong army
Prussia becomes a military state

11. Prussia Develops Monarchies
Ruling and ambitious family
Created one of the best armies
Developing an absolute monarch
Permanent taxation
Weakened representative assemblies
Rigidly controlled – highly militarized society

13. Frederick the Great Son of Frederick William I
Tried to follow military footsteps of his father
Softened some rules
Encouraged religious tolerance
legal reform
A prince… is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity (honesty) and prudence… As the sovereign is properly the head of a family of citizens, the father of his people, he ought on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.

14. The first characteristic of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but – and this qualification is important – without the consent of superiors, equals or inferiors.
If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign.

15. The Hapsburg Family

16. Austria Grows stronger
Austrian Hapsburg take steps to become monarchs
1. During the thirty years’ war they conquer Bohemia – created a new Czech nobility
2. Centralized the government and created a standing army
3. Retake Hungary from the Ottoman Empire
Charles VI becomes ruler

17. Hapsburg continue their power
Charles VI wanted to make sure the power would stay with the family
Persuaded other leaders to agree to recognize his eldest daughter as his heir
Does this sound familiar??
This agreement stated…
Guaranteed a peaceful reign
What actually happened…
Faced many years of war
Main enemy was Prussia

18. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Maria Theresa bribed Hungary into staying on her side—hence Austria-Hungary
Got the backing of Britain, of course, but they just gave her money
Fought her opponents to a stalemate and won back all seized land, except Silesia.

19. Austrian Golden Age Maria Theresa establishes a court in Vienna
Reforms the church—made the monarchy far less tied to Catholicism
Cleaned house with the nobles—made them intermingle
Created a expansive bureaucracy
Revamped military
Created a trading network, not with colonies but over European empire

20. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) AKA, The French and Indian War
Austria, France and Russia VS. Britain and Prussia
First time Russia plays a major role in European affairs
1st war between the oceans – global war
Mainly started over colonial and Austrian Succession vendettas
Battled to a stalemate on the continent
Real winner was again, England, who crushed France and kicked them out of N. America
Austria lost nothing for starting this mess and stayed in power

22. Crash Course – Seven Years War

23. Exit Slip On your own piece of paper answer the following:
1. What is Absolutism?
2. What is divine right?
I learned…
I want to know more about…
5. Questions I still have are…

24. Absolute Rulers of Russia
Use the textbook and read pages
Provide definitions for the following terms/people:
Ivan the Terrible
Boyars
Westernization
Peter the Great
Answer the following questions – DUE AT END OF CLASS
Why was Russia culturally different from Western Europe?
How did Ivan the terrible deal with his enemies during the “bad period”?
What were ways that Peter tried to westernize Russia?
Who do you think was more of an absolute Monarch: Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great?
Which of Peter’s actions in building St. Petersburg show his power as an absolute monarch?