1. Arrangements Forensic uses
DNA profiling:
relies on repetitive,
hypervariable DNA and not genes per se.
Stages involved:
DNA isolation,
restriction enzyme digestion,
gel electrophoresis,
blotting DNA onto a filter,
hybridisation with a probe.
Use of single locus probe.

2. Learning Objective
To explain how DNA technology has been adapted foe use by forensic scientists.

3. Forensic Uses DNA profiling DNA fingerprinting Out with the old
In with the new
DNA profiling
A sample of DNA from a suspect can be matched with that of a reference sample.
PCR is used to amplify minute samples of DNA

4. DNA profiling Uses minisatellite regions Steps
Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
Steps
DNA isolation,
restriction enzyme digestion,
gel electrophoresis,
blotting DNA onto a filter,
hybridisation with a probe

5. Probes Binds to a specific base sequence on target fragments
Multi-locus probes
More complex patterns
Single locus probes

6. DNA profiling Short tandem repeats (STRs)
A.k.a. microsatellites
PCR based technique
Uses fluorescent labels and automated DNA detection equipment.

7. Arrangements Agriculture - Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants are engineered by using a plasmid from Agrobacterium.
Foreign DNA carrying genes for the desired characteristics inserted into bacterial plasmid.
Plant cell protoplasts incubated with bacteria containing genetically engineered plasmid in medium which allows only those plant cells which have taken up the foreign DNA to grow.
Illustrate application by transgenic tomato plants:
gene for bacteria toxin transferred to plants resulting in effective protection from insect damage.

8. Arrangements Agriculture - Transgenic plants
Moral and ethical issues relating to the use of transgenics.

9. Arrangements Agriculture - BST
Production of bovine somatotrophin (BST) by genetic engineering and its use in cattle.
Gene for BST cloned into a bacterial system.
Product purified and administered to cattle by injection or in feed.
BST increases milk production.

10. Learning Objective
To describe the production of transgenic or GM crops
Explain why a plasmid from Agrobacterium is used
Explain how foreign DNA is isolated and inserted into plasmids
Explain how plants containing recombinant DNA can be grown and expanded
Describe the production of transgenic tomato plants
To list some potential uses of GM plant technology

11. Learning Objective To describe the production of BST
To describe the use of BST

12. Keywords - Activity Find the meaning of the following words
Microinjection
Transfection
Transformation
Transgene
Transgenic
DNA cloning

13. DNA technology and Agriculture
Two uses of DNA technology in agriculture
Production of Transgenic organisms
Transgenic plants
Production of growth hormones using recombinant DNA methods.
Bovine growth hormone

14. Transgenic plants Requirements Ti Plasmid Suitable vector
Mechanism for regenerating whole plants
Ti Plasmid
Found in soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (crown gall disease)

15. Preparation of Ti plasmid
The Ti plasmid can integrate DNA into plant cell genome
Stages
Remove tumour inducing genes
Insert gene and marker
Culture plasmid and protoplasts
Stimulate cell wall development
Callus formation
Seedling formation

16. Transgenic plants FLAVR SAVR tomato Insect resistance
Production of ethylene is inhibited to delay the ripening process.
Insect resistance
Insert a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces an insecticidal protein
Introduction of nitrogen fixation genes into non-leguminous plants.
Disadvantage of Ti-based vector system
Can only work for dicotyledonous plants
A lot of crops are monocotyledonous.

17. Bovine Growth Hormone bovine somatotrophin (BST)
Increases milk yield by 10%
Improves weight gain in beef cattle by diverting resources to cell and protein production, suppresses the production of fatty deposits.

18. Learning Objective To list potential uses of DNA technology
To understand some of the moral and ethical issues raised by the production of transgenic plants and animals.