1. Explain two things that must happen before a cell can divide (mitosis)
SIT IN A SEAT WHERE YOU CAN FOCUS!
STUDY STUDY STUDY
-You got many study materials today- Use them!!!

2. Testing Announcements
EOC is 75 multiple choice and technology enhanced questions
You have hours to complete the test
Will count for 20% of your final grade
1/18 at 7:15 AM
NO:
Food, drink, cell phones, tablets, headphones, fitbits, apple watches, google watches, or any other electronics allowed in the testing room
I will collect them and keep them for the entire testing period
I am not allowed to give your electronics back until the entire school is finished testing
Even if our room is finished…no electronics, headphones, phones, music etc.
Any testing violation may mean the entire class has to come back and take the exam again- don’t be that person!

3. Plan for Today Mitosis and Cell Cycle Review
Biotechnology and Bacteria Review
Review Practice Problems
Study strategies!

4. Cell Cycle
The cell cycle refers the stages a cell goes through in its life
The longest phase is interphase
G1- growth
S- DNA replication
G2- more growth
Interphase is when the cell is preparing for division
There are checkpoints during interphase to see if the cell is healthy enough to divide
If not…apoptosis (cell suicide)

5. Mitosis
The goal of mitosis is to make 2 identical cells with the exact same genetic information
This can occur during times of growth, to repair an injury, or replace old cells
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase are the phases of mitosis where the cell ensures each new cell gets an equal amount of DNA

6. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis refers to the splitting of the cytoplasm
This is when the two new cells made during mitosis and physically separated and official become two new functioning cells

7. Mitosis Vs. Meiosis Happens in body cells Happens in ovaries/testes
1 round of division
2 rounds of division
Makes genetically identical cells
Makes unique cells each time (crossing over, independent assortment)
Used for growth, repair, maintenance
Used for the production of sex cells
Makes 2, diploid cells (46)
Makes 4, haploid cells (23)

8. Bacteria Adaptations
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells but have a cell membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
Also contain a cell wall as an extra layer of protection
Have flagella or cilia that allow the cell to move
Can form endospores which is a very resistant protective coat
Reproduce asexually- faster, but less genetic variation
We can exploit their quick reproduction for human use

9. Biotechnology Techniques
Transgenic organisms- takes foreign DNA and puts it into another organism (plants, animals, bacteria)
Gel Electrophoresis/DNA fingerprinting- compares DNA sequences for paternity testing or uses in forensics
Bacterial transformation- a way to make a transgenic organism and get a desired protein product
Cloning- creates an identical organism, cell, or organ

10. Transgenic Organisms
Takes a gene from one organism and puts it into another
Example: Genetically modified organisms
In agriculture: make a tomato plant with genes that make it resistant to pesticides
In industry: create a bacteria cell with the gene for insulin so it can produce insulin for the treatment of diabetes

11. Gel Electrophoresis A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size
Each person’s DNA fragments are unique, so it is an easy way to compare DNA fragments
Has uses in evolution, forensics, paternity testing
BIGGER DNA fragments travel shorter distances, SMALLER DNA fragments travel further
The smallest DNA fragment will be at the bottom of the gel

12. Bacteria Transformation
1. A desired gene is isolated from a human cell (gene for insulin)
2. That gene is cut out with restriction enzymes
3. A plasmid (circular DNA) is taken from a bacteria cell and cut with the same restriction enzymes
4. The insulin gene is glued into the bacterial plasmid
5. The plasmid is inserted back into the bacteria cell
6. The bacteria cell goes through protein synthesis (DNAmRNAprotein) and creates insulin
7. The insulin is collected and used in the treatment of diabetes

13. Bacterial Transformation

14. Cloning Used to create new organisms, cells, or organs
The hope is cloning can be used to create organs or tissues for people needed transplants
Obviously there are some ethical concerns to consider

15. Study Strategies Concept Maps Flash Cards Quizlets Quiz a friend
Explain concepts to yourself/someone else
Youtube videos (Bozeman is my favorite)
Definitions
Draw diagrams for each concept
Flip through old PowerPoints from website
Re-read homework packets
Rewrite notes with colored markers