1. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area
The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

2. FERTILE CRECENT TODAY

3. Mesopotamia
Tigris/Euphrates
Flood Irregularly
Solution?
Irrigation

5. FERTILE CRECENT SUMER - cities from 5300 B.C.E. city-states
Competition for resources

6. Sumer
Ziggurats- pyramid shaped structure

7. City-state a political unit with its own government
Sumerians
City-state a political unit with its own government

8. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic
Enki – Eridu,
Water/Mischief/Flood Story?
Innana – Uruk, Fertility/Love/War

9. Mesopotamian Trade
“The Cuneiform World”

10. Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

11. Cuneiform Writing

12. Deciphering Cuneiform

13. Sumerian Scribes
“Tablet House”

14. Writing…
Prehistoric to historic

15. Gilgamesh

16. Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

17. Board Game From Ur

18. The Babylonian Empires

19. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

20. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out
If he breaks another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken
If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out

21. If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death.
 If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.

22. Hammurabi, the Judge

23. Babylonian Math

24. Babylonian Numbers

25. Sumerian Culture & Accomplishments
Cuneiform
Math
Based on 60
Technology
Wheel, plow, bronze, sewers
Arches, ramps, columns
Trade
Lack raw materials like wood and metal

26. A View of Egypt by Satellite

27. NILE VALLEY
THEN
TODAY

28. Ancient Egyptian History
Periods
Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic
3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom
2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom
2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom
1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period
750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period
30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

29. The Fertile Nile Valley

30. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

31. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

32. Geography Nile River Floods Each Spring Irrigated Crops Cataracts
Leaves Silt
Irrigated Crops
Cataracts
Waterfalls/Rapids
Protected Egypt from the South

33. History
Around 3100 BC – Menes Unifies Upper and Lower Egypt

34. Egypt History
3 Main Periods:
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom

35. Old Kingdom Accomplishments:
Pyramids of Giza
Hieroglyphics
Papyrus Paper
Math System
Religion - Polytheistic
Fall of Kingdom: Local Warlords undermine the Pharaoh

36. Pyramids Landmarks of this period: 1st Pyramids limestone blocks
Each block= 2 ½ tons

37. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara 1st large stone building

38. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

39. Giza Pyramid Complex

40. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
What kinds of skills did the Egyptians need to create the pyramids?

41. Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

42. Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen Natron 2. Sawdust Onion 3. Lichen Nile Mud 4. Beeswax Linen Pads 5. Resin Frankinsense

43. Preparation for the Afterlife

44. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I B. C. E.
Ramses II B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E.

45. Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.
Why is there a boat in the Pharaoh’s tomb?

46. Egyptian Book of the Dead

47. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

48. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

49. Papyrus  Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant

50. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

51. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship1 10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
What number is this?

52. Middle Kingdom Accomplishments: Fall of Kingdom: Fell to Hyksos
Increased Trade with Mesopotamia
Developed Bronze
Battled Hyksos
Fall of Kingdom: Fell to Hyksos

53. New Kingdom Age of the Builders Ramses II
Battled Hittites
Married a Hittite Princess – Brought Peace
Fall of Kingdom: Sea Peoples Attacked/Conquered

54. INDUS VALLEY

55. INDUS VALLEY

56. INDUS VALLEY TODAY

57. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
B.C.E.
“HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION”
HARAPPA
MOHENJO DARO
2000 – 1500 B.C.E.
VEDIC PERIOD
SETTLED IN SMALLER VILLAGES

58. Well-planned intricate “urban centers”
CITIES
MOHENJODARO
HARAPPA
Well-planned intricate “urban centers”

59. HARAPPAN CULTURE
Writing??
figurines
= TRADE
jewelry

60. VEDIC PERIOD VEDAS ARYANS MOVE INTO AREA CASTE SYSTEM
RAJAS – WARRIOR LEADERS
CASTE SYSTEM
VARNAS

61. VARNAS BRAHMIN – PRIESTS AND TEACHERS KSHATRIYAS – WARRIORS AND RULERS
VAISYAS – COMMON PEOPLE (TRADERS, FARMERS, ETC)
SUDRAS – SERVANTS

62. Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze River Valley

63. China Today

64. Ancient China
Loess
Agriculture – 7000 BC
First Emperor? – Fu Xi
2800

65. Chinese Dynasties 1. Xia (ca. 2200-1750 B.C.E.)??
2. Shang (ca B.C.E.)
3. Zhou dynasty ( B.C.E.): classical Chinese civilization

66. SHANG DYNASTY Oracle Bones Ancestors/Afterlife Bronze Monarchy
Surrounded by court

67. Ancient Chinese Culture
Bronze tools/weapons
Pottery
Writing System

68. ZHOU DYNASTY Mandate of Heaven
Gods support just ruler, overthrow unjust
Dynastic Cycle
Iron, Roads, Canals, Chopsticks!

69. Ancient Philosophies Confucianism Daoism Treat one another humanely
Love and respect others by practicing manners/rituals
Honor Ancestors
Rulers/advisors based on Merit, not family
Confucius
Retreat from society and yield to laws of nature
Yin/yang – perfect harmony of nature
Laozi