1. Mesopotamian and Egyptian Art
AVI 1O1

2. Egypt
3100 BCE BCE

3. Ancient Egypt
p.147

4. Ancient Egypt
p.148
Because of the Nile River, the people in Egypt lived on fertile soil and were able to grow food in addition to hunting.
Therefore, the people built homes and didn’t have to move.

5. Ancient Egypt
p.148
As a result, small villages grew to become cities and then large kingdoms.
Two kingdoms were created: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.

6. Ancient Egypt Lower Egypt is closer the Mediterranean Sea.
If you follow “up” the Nile River, you’ll enter Upper Egypt.

7. Ancient Egypt Each kingdom has ruler called a Pharaoh.
He ruled the area with complete authority.

8. Egypt’s History Egypt’s history is split into three time periods.
Each period is also split into Dynasties.
A dynasty is a period when a single family provided a succession of rulers.
When one Pharaoh dies, someone from their family will take over.

9. Egypt’s Three Major Periods
Old Kingdom : 2686 – 2186 BCE
Middle Kingdom : BCE
New Kingdom : BCE

10. Egypt’s Art
p.150
Over time, Egypt’s create a lot of different types of art that still remain today.
Things they created:
Tombs and Pyramids
Stone Statues
Wall Paintings
Carved and Painted Reliefs

11. Egyptian Architecture

12. Mastaba Mastaba is an early “Old Kingdom Period” tomb structure
A flat topped, one story building with slanted walls above an underground burial chamber
The origins of the creation of the pyramids
Necropolis
Means city of the dead
Groups of mastabas are at the edge of the desert on the west bank of the Nile

13. Mastaba of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum
2400 BCE

14. Mastaba

15. Mastaba Mastaba are tombs to bury the dead.
The Burial Process: The dead are wrapped and placed in a raft and sent up the Nile River.
The body will travel to the Necropolis and put into a sarcophagus.

16. Mastaba Sarcophagus is a stone coffin.
Then the body would be placed in the burial chamber beneath the ground of the mastaba.

17. http://www. gettyimages. co

18. The Pyramid
p.151
Each pyramid is built on an almost perfect square foundation or bottom base.
The base is greater than the height.
The shape and size makes you think that it is solid and permanently structure.

19. The Evolution of the Pyramid
The Mastaba evolved to become a pyramid because of two things:
1) Influence of their Religion
2) Thieves

20. Egyptian Belief in “Ka”
Egyptians believe in resurrection of the soul and eternal life in a spirit world after death.
Ka is the life force or spirit of every human.

21. Egyptian Belief in “Ka”
Ka lives on after death of the body and will reunite with the body in the next world.
If the body is destroyed, the Ka will be wandering for eternity.

22. Egyptian Belief in “Ka”
That is why Egyptians spend so much time to preserve and protect the body by embalming and wrapping it up.
Embalming is taking all the organs, blood and liquid out of the body so it can be mummified.

23. Egyptian Belief in “Ka”
So, the pyramid is the final resting place to keep the body safe into the after life.

24. Evolution of The Pyramid - #2
When Egyptians die, especially the pharaohs, they have a lot of valuables buried with the coffin in the tomb.

25. Evolution of The Pyramid - #2
To protect the tombs from thieves, they upgraded to:
Have the burial chamber above ground
Create false chambers and doors
Create confusing passages
Build Multiple air shafts

26. Evolution of The Pyramid - #2
The aim was to trap the thieves in the tomb where they will die a slow death.
The thief will be trapped by:
Being stuck in a false chamber or room
Get lost in a maze of confusing passages
They will starve to death because they still had air to breath due to the multiple air shafts

27. Sphinx at Pyramids of Giza
BCE

29. Pyramid of Khufu

30. Pyramid of Khufu

31. How To Build The Pyramids
It takes thousands of workers and decades to build one pyramid.
The workers will mine and drag the limestone to the construction site and then put it into place.

32. How To Build The Pyramids
Each block of stone weighs about 2.5 tons.
No one exactly knows how the Egyptians were able to build the pyramids but there are theories.

33. Construction of the Pyramids
Click here for the Video
By: Nick Bateman – May 22, 2007

34. We Finally Know How The Pyramids Were Made!
Click here for the Video
Dnews – July 12, 2014

35. Egyptian Temples
p.153
Although Egyptians mainly focus on the afterlife, they still built temples.
These temples were built along the east side of the river near Thebes.

36. Egyptian Temples
p.153
These temples honour the pharaoh’s favourite god or gods.
Each of these temples became larger and more elaborate.

37. Karnak Temple

38. Karnak Temple It is one of the largest religious buildings ever made.
The temple has many buildings for worship.
The Egyptians believed that towards the end of annual agricultural cycle the gods and the earth became exhausted and required a fresh input of energy from the cosmos.

39. Karnak Temple
To accomplish this magical regeneration, a festival was held yearly at Karnak and Luxor Temple.
The festival lasted for twenty-seven days and was also a celebration of the link between pharaoh and the god Amon.

40. Temple of Amon The temple is to honour the god Thebes. The temple has:
A great doorway with obelisks (tall, four-sided pointed stone shafts).
Statues of the pharaoh on to the court yard.
Massive stone columns nearly 70ft tall.
A small, dark, and mysterious room where only the pharaoh and his priest could enter.

41. Temple of Amon
p.154

42. Temple of Amon
p.154

43. Temple of Amon
p.154

44. Temple of Amon
p.154

45. Egyptian Sculpture and Painting

46. Egyptian Sculpture
p.155
To make certain the Ka would still have a body to unite with, sculptors were ordered to carve the pharaoh’s portrait out of hard stone.
These sculptures were placed near the coffin and acted as substitutes for the body inside.
These were called “Ka Statues”.

47. The Great Sphinx
p.155
This giant statue was to demonstrate the power of the pharaoh Khafre.
The statue is almost 65 feet high.
Carved from rock.
The head of the pharaoh is placed on the body of a reclining lion.

48. The Great Sphinx
p.155

49. The Great Sphinx
p.155

50. Portrait of Khafre The statue is carved out of a hard diorite stone.
The pharaoh is sitting straight up and attentive.
His body is stiff but his head and body are very life-like.

51. Portrait of Khafre
p.156
There is also a lot of detail that shows what type of ruler Khafre was.
Symbols on the throne states he is the king of Egypt.
His right hand is in a fist to show his strength and power.
A falcon is behind his head. It represents Horus, the god of the sky.

52. p.156
Khafre, from Giza
Diorite
BCE

53. p.156
Khafre, from Giza
Diorite
BCE

54. Menkaure and His Wife (Queen Khamerernebty)
2515 BCE

55. Portrait of King Sesostris III
During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos.
Most of the art was destroyed but some still survived but in pieces.
One piece is the “Fragment Head of King Sesostris III”.

56. Portrait of King Sesostris III
This is significant because of the expression of the king’s face.
The sculptor portrayed a sense of concern and acknowledgment on the kings face.
This showed the king’s personality of being strong and thoughtful and clever.

57. The Fragmented Head of Sesostris III
p.157
The Fragmented Head of Sesostris III

58. The Head of Senusret III
p.157
The Head of Senusret III

59. The New Kingdom
p.157
At around 1570 BCE, Egypt was able to kill or drive the Hyksos out and take over most of Africa.
This brought great wealth for sculptors to rebuild and decorate more temples and statues of pharaohs.
Some statues were 90 feet tall and painted to look realistic.

60. Portrait of Akhenaton
p.158
The pharaoh of the New Kingdom was Amenhotep IV or Akhenaton.
Many of his portraits depict him somewhat realistically with an stretched head, pointed chin, thick lips, and a long neck.

61. p.157
Akhenaton

62. Portrait of Queen Nefertiti
Nefertiti is the wife of Akhenaton.
Many of her portraits depict her quite realistically.
Sculptors gave a sense of beauty and authority through colour and details.

63. Nefertiti
1348 – 1335 BCE

64. Nefertiti
1348 – 1335 BCE

65. Egyptian Relief Sculpture
Relief sculpture began at around 4,500 BCE.
The first carving is of an image of a man and his two children in the wall.
The weird thing with this type of art is that Egyptians eventually understood how to make things realistically, but they kept drawing the flat, unnatural 2D style.

66. Rules of Egyptian Art
p.159
All parts of the body must be shown in a familiar point of view.
That’s why the head, arms, legs, and feet were always shown from the side.
The eyes and shoulders were shown from the front.

67. Rules of Egyptian Art p
The Egyptians were dedicated to their belief of Ka.
They were more focused on making sure their relief artwork has all the body parts instead of making it look beautiful and accurate.
If the Ka entered the body without an arm, it will live forever in a deformed body!

68. Art in Egyptian Tombs
p.160
In the Old Kingdom, its was common for pharaohs to have their wife, servants and slaves buried with them when they died.
They believed that the pharaoh will have his loved ones with him in for eternity in the next life.
That sucks for the wife and his servants!!! ;)

69. Art in Egyptian Tombs
p.160
Eventually they changed this and painted on the tomb walls to substitute for the real people.
Eventually, all important or wealthy Egyptians that die would have painted relief sculptures on the tomb walls.

70. How To Create Relief Paintings
The artist first plastered the walls until it was smooth.
When it was dry, artist drew horizontal lines as a guide to figure out where all the figures and animals would be placed to tell the dead person’s life story.

71. How To Create Relief Paintings
The pictures were then painted with rich red and yellow hues.
Black and blue green would be added for contrast.
They rarely used shading in the work. Everything was a flat colour.

72. Nakht and His Wife – Relief Painting

73. Nakht and His Wife
p.160
The images are of Nakht and his wife surrounded by their servants.
Nakht and his wife are the large figures. This emphasizes they are the main focus of the story.
Their poses are stiff but it shows they are people of high ranking.

74. Hieroglyphics
p.161
There are rows and columns of small birds and other shapes found in relief paintings.
These are called “hieroglyphics”, an early form of picture writing.
These symbols help tell the story in the art.

75. Nakht’s False Door Stela
p.161

76. Nakht’s False Door Stela
p.161
This painting is on the fake door to Nakht’s tomb.
The hieroglyphics beside the images of his servants indicate all the things being offered to Nakht so that he can enter his tomb.

77. Cartouche
p.159
Early Egyptians used a form of picture writing to create a pictogram.
These carved oval symbols represent the name of an important person.

78. Cartouche
p.159
It represents a looped rope which has the magical power to protect the name that is written inside it.
A cartouche was meant to protect against evil spirits both in this life and the afterlife.
It can be arranged both horizontally or vertically depending on the best layout for its design.

79. Cartouche of Cleopatra III Kom Ombo

80. Egyptian Palettes Flat stones with circular area on one side.
Used for ceremonial purpose.

81. Egyptian Palettes Crushed rock powder is placed in the circular area.
Use a brush to apply to the eyelids and face.
Used for ceremonial purpose.

82. Egyptian Palettes
The symbols present the god or gods that the person prays to.
Also the images tell a story about the person.

83. Palette of Narmer
BCE