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___1___ Disorder Symptoms
Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of ___2___ . It occurs more in the ___3___ disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.
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___1___ Marked by a persistent and ___2___ of an object or situation that ___3___ behavior. OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how a phobia differs from fears we all experience.
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Kinds of Phobias Agoraphobia Phobia of ___1___ . Acrophobia
Claustrophobia Phobia of ___3___ . Hemophobia Phobia of ___4___ .
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___1___ Persistence of unwanted thoughts (___2___ ) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (___3___ ) that cause distress. OBJECTIVE 8| Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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___1___ A ___1___ scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High ___2___ (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with ___3___ . Brain image of an OCD
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___1___ ___2___ weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): ___3___ 2. ___4___ OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency. 3. ___5___ 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. ___6___ Bettmann/ Corbis
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Resilience to PTSD Only about ___1___ of women and ___2___ of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations. All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the ___3___ of an individual.
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Explaining Anxiety Disorders
___1___ suggested that we ___2___ our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, ___3___ . OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders.
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The Learning Perspective
Learning theorists suggest that ___1___ leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with ___2___ (stimulus generalization) and is ___3___ . John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
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The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that ___1___ are inculcated through ___2___ . Young monkeys develop fear when they ___3___ other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
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The Biological Perspective
___1___ has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our ___2___ may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share ___3___ .
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The Biological Perspective
___1___, ___2___ , and even ___3___ are linked with brain circuits like the ___4___ . S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient.
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___1___ Conscious awareness becomes separated (___2___ ) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder. Having a sense of being ___3___ . 2. Being separated from ___4___ . 3. ___5___ as if in a movie.
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Emotional extremes of ___1___ come in two principal forms.
___2___ ___3___ OBJECTIVE 12| Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
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Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “___1___ ” of psychological disorders. In a year, ___2___ of men and ___3___ of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last ___1___ and are not caused by ___2___ conditions. Signs include: Lethargy and fatigue Feelings of ___3___ Loss of interest in ___4___ Loss of interest in activities
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___1___ ___1___ lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by ___2___ lasting ___3___ . Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic
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Inability to make decisions
___1___ Formerly called ___2___ disorder. An alternation between ___3___ and ___4___ signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Desire for action Tired Hyperactive Slowness of thought Multiple ideas
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Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase ___1___ surged, but not during their ___2___ . Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Bettmann/ Corbis
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Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain. ___1___ ___2___
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Theory of Depression Gender differences
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Post-partum depression
Theory of Depression Depressive episodes ___1___ . Depression is ___2___ , especially in the ___3___ . Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images Post-partum depression
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Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide. National differences Racial differences Gender differences Age differences Other differences Suicide Statistics
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Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (___1___ ) than fraternal twins (__2__ ). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression. Jerry Irwin Photography
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Neurotransmitters & Depression
A reduction of ___1___ and ___2___ has been found in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ___3__. Pre-synaptic Neuron Serotonin Norepinephrine Post-synaptic Neuron
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from ___1___ and ___2___ . OBJECTIVE 15| Summarize the contribution of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.
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Depression Cycle ___1___ events. ___2___ explanatory style.
Hopeless depressed state. These hamper the way the individual ___3___ , fueling personal rejection.
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Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
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___1___ If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the ___2___ . Nearly ___3___ suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002). Schizophrenia strikes ___4___ as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind.” A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: ___1___. ___2___. ___3___. OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusion and hallucinations.
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Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of ___1___ failure (___2___ thoughts).
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Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (___1___ ). Frequently such hallucinations are ___2___ and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory. Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
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Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may ___1___ at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (___2___ ). Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain ___3___ for hours (___4___ ).
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Positive and Negative Symptoms
Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (___1___ ). Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (___2___ ).
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Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is ___1___ to develop (chronic/process) recovery is ___2___ . Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms. When schizophrenia rapidly develops (___3___) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.
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Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the ___1___ exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. Brain Abnormalities ___2___ : Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of ___3___ receptors in the brain. OBJECTIVE 18| Outline some abnormal brain functions and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.
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Abnormal Brain Morphology
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit ___1___ changes in the brain like ___2___ of ___3___. Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
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Genetic Factors The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is ___1___ if their ___2___ has the disease (Gottesman, 1991). Identical Both parents Fraternal One parent Sibling Nephew or niece Unrelated OBJECTIVE 19| Discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
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Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:
1. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia. 2. Birth complications, ___1___ and ___2___ . 3. ___3___ and poor muscle coordination. 4. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior. 5. Emotional unpredictability. 6. ___4___.
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by ___1___ and enduring behavior patterns that impair ___2___ . They are usually without ___3___ . OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorders.
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___1___ Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of ___2___ for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a ___3___ .
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Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the ___1___ . In a follow-up study repeat offenders had ___2___ less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000). Courtesy of Adrian Raine, University of Southern California Normal Murderer
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Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
The likelihood that one will commit a crime ___1___ when childhood poverty is compounded with ___2___ (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
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Obstetrical Complications
Signs of asphyxia at birth (Apgar score <7) the need for the child to remain in hospital low birth weight (<2,500 g) delay in gaining weight after birth, were all associated with significantly increased risk of schizophrenia.
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Rates of Psychological Disorders
OBJECTIVE 22| Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.
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