1. Africa and the Atlantic World
Below decks on an illegal slave ship seized by a British antislavery patrol in 1846.

2. African states,
African states,

3. The States of West Africa and East Africa
Developed over 8th-16th centuries
All gained wealth from Gold/Salt trade
Kingdom of Ghana
Major Gold Trader
Mali Empire, 13th century
Sundiata, Mansa Musa
Songhay Empire, 15th century
Sunni Ali (r ) created effective army, navy
Muslim, mosques, built schools to teach Quran, university at Timbuktu
Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces, regional city-states exert local control
Timbuktu, the commercial and cultural center of Mali and Songhay, as sketched in 1828 by French traveler. Though long in decline, the city’s mosques, mud-brick dwellings, and crowds of people bespeak a prosperous community.

4. Swahili Decline in East Africa
Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmishes with Africans on eastern coast,
2nd voyage, 1502 returns, forces Kilwa to pay tribute
By 1505 Portuguese gun ships dominate Swahili ports
Swahili city-states never recover
Great Mosque at Kilwa

5. The Kingdom of Kongo Modern-day Republic of Congo/Angola
Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 w/ kingdom of Kongo
Supply advisors, military support to protect Portuguese interests, tailors, shoemakers, masons, priests etc
King Nzinga Mbemba or King Afonso I, r
Converts to Christianity
Useful connection with Portuguese interests
So many churches during the 16th c. called “Kongo of the Bell”
Coat of arms issued to Afonso I

6. An engraving depicts São Salvador in Angola in the late seventeenth century. A flag flies over the royal palace while the Portuguese citadel (to the right of the palace) guards the city. Churches appear at the center and on the far right side of the engraving. 

7. The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors
The kings of Kongo retained their Christian faith even after their relations with European merchants and missionaries became strained in the seventeenth century. Here, King Garcia II—with European-style boots and a cross attached to his left sleeve—receives a Dutch embassy in 1642. 

8. Slave Raiding in Kongo Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding
Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders
Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo
Some of their allies were enemies of Kongo king
Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade
Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665
Improved slave market develops in the south w/ kingdom of Ndongo

9. Armed escorts march a group of freshly captured Africans to the coast for sale on slave markets. Chained together are African men, women, and children. Why would some African peoples enslave other Africans? 

10. The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola)
Ndongo gains wealth by means of Portuguese slave trade
Portugal found small colony in 1575 for the trade
Portuguese influence was resisted by Queen Nzinga (r )
Insisted being called King
Dressed as male warrior when leading troops into battle
Posed as male King, with male concubines in female dress attending her
Nzinga establishes temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese
Decline of Ndongo power after her death
Queen Nzinga, produced by European engravers who dubbed her “Anna Singa or Schmga”. She fought the Portuguese in Angola.

11. Regional Kingdoms in South Africa
Great Zimbabwe
Cape Town, South Africa
Chieftans develop trade with Swahili city-states
Gold, ivory, and slaves
1300: Great Zimbabwe
Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics
Encounter Khoikhoi people Hottentots”, use them for labor
British colonies also develop
Will become the most prosperous European colony of sub-Saharan AFrica

12. Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
Popular in commercial centers of sub-Sahara
Timbuktu becomes major center of Islamic scholarship by 16th century
Syncretic brand of Islam
African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam
Spirit and magic
Gender relations: men and women associated together
Standards of female modesty

13. Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Antonian Movement
Also syncretic with African beliefs
Antonian movement flourishes early 18th century
Founded by Doña Beatriz, claims possession by St. Anthony of Padua (13th century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal)
Promotes distinctly African Christianity
Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans
Christian missionaries persuade King Pedro IV of Kongo to burn her at the stake
Despite this it continues

14. Social Change in Early Modern Africa
Kinship groups and clans still important
Trade with Europeans brings new goods to Africa
They had produced textiles and steel for centuries but now European goods popularized
New crops from Americas
Manioc also known as Cassava becomes staple bread flour
Maize and peanuts also
Supplements bananas, yams, rice
Increased food supply boosts population growth despite slave trade

15. Manioc (cassava) output in 2005

16. Population Growth in Africa

17. Foundations of the Slave Trade
African slavery dates to antiquity
War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans
Distinct from Asian, European slavery
No private property, therefore wealth defined by human labor potential, not land
Slaves were private investment and means of measuring wealth
If you control large # of individuals who harvest more crops, than you accumulate more wealth
Purchase many slaves to enlarge families and power
Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan

18. The Islamic Slave Trade
Expansion of slave trade with Arab traders
New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast
Arab traders depend on African infrastructure to maintain supply
European demand on west coast causes demand to rise again
Well under way

19. Arab Slave Trader

20. The Early Slave Trade
Portuguese raid west African coast in 1441, take 12 men
Raiding met with stiff resistance
Africans armed w/ poison-tipped arrows
African dealers ready to provide slaves
1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal
1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas

21. Sugar Plantation
In an engraving of 1667, a European supervisor (lower right) directs slaves on a sugar plantation in Barbados as they haul cane, crush it to extract its juice, boil it to produce molasses, and distill the product into rum. 

22. Slaves at Work in a Mine

23. The Triangular Trade
1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms), sent to Africa
2. African slaves purchased and sent to Caribbean and Americas
Sold 2x-3x more than bought (remember DBQ)
3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe
Sugar, molasses

24. Brutal Slave Trade Inhumane at every stage Capture was violent
Chieftains organize raiding parties
Bewilderment and anger as they are taken from family

25. The Middle Passage (Africa-Americas)
African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast
Middle passage under horrific conditions
4-6 weeks
Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5%
Over course of the Atlantic Slave Trade 25% die
Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million
Approximately 4 million die before arrival

26. African Slave Export per Year

27. Impact on African Regions
Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana resist slave trade
Interior of Africa away
Benefit from distance from slave ports on western coast
Other societies benefit from slave trade profit
Asante, Dahomey, Oyo peoples
Gained firearms to build powerful states and bitter when it ended
Hurt them in 19th century

28. Social Effects of Slave trade
Total African population expands due to importation of American crops
Remember “Manioc” also known as “cassava”
Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations
Area from Senegal to Angola vulnerable
Distorted sex ratios result
2/3 of slaves male, years of age
Angola-2/3s of population were women
Encouraged polygamy: more than 1 wife

29. Political Effects of Slave Trade
Introduction of firearms increases violence of pre-existing conflicts
More weapons = more slaves; more slaves = more weapons
Dahomey people create army dedicated to slave trade

30. African Slaves in Plantation Societies
Most slaves in tropical and subtropical regions
First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) 1516
Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean and Americas
Sugar major cash crop
Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee
Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor
Racial divisions of labor

31. Destinations of African Slaves

32. Regional Differences
Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain numbers through natural means
Malaria, yellow fever
Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition
Gender imbalance
Constant importation of slaves
North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio
Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th century

33. Resistance to Slavery Half-hearted work effort
Sabotage equipment or work routines
Flight (Maroon populations)
Lived in forests, mountains, or swampy regions
Revolts

34. Slave Revolts Only one successful revolt
French-controlled St.-Domingue (1793)
Declare independence from France and abolish slavery
Renamed Haiti
Establish self-governing republic in 1804
Elsewhere, revolts outgunned by Euro-American firepower

35. African-American Culture
Diversity of African cultures concentrated in slave population
Blend of cultures
African languages when numbers permit, otherwise European language adapted with African influences
Creole languages (African+European)
“Gullah” and “Geechee” here in coastal SC
Ex. “Kumbayah” = “Come by here”
Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions

36. The Abolition of Slavery
Olaudah Equiano ( ), former slave authors best-selling autobiography
Eloquent attacks on institution of slavery
Economic costs of slavery increase
Military expenses to prevent rebellions
18th century: price of sugar falls, price of slaves rises
Wage labor becomes more efficient
Wage-earners can spend income on manufactured goods

37. End of the Slave Trade
Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845)
Possession of slaves remains legal
Clandestine trade continues to 1867
Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1833), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888)
Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960s