1. 21
The Muslim Empires

2. The Muslim Empires
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

3. The Muslim Empires

4. The Muslim Empires

5. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
Ottomans emerge dominant
Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries
1453, take Constantinople
Expansion
Middle East, north Africa, Europe
Dominate Mediterranean

6. A State Geared to Warfare
Military dominant
Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility
Janissary infantry
Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

7. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

8. The Sultans and their Court
Use factions against each other
Vizier
Oversees large bureaucracy
Succession
No clear rules

9. Constantinople Restored
Commercial center
Government control of trade, crafts
Artisan guilds
Turkish prevails

10. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

11. The Problem of Ottoman Decline
Strong until late 1600s
Decline
Extended
Infrastructure insufficient
Dependent on conquest
End of conquest brings deficiencies
Regional leaders divert revenue
Sultans less dynamic

12. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat
Janissaries
Conservative
Stop military, technological reform
Lepanto, 1571
Defeated by Spain, Venice
Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

13. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat
Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
Victories over Muslim navies
Inflation
Caused by New World bullion
Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

14. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
Safavid family
Sufi preachers, mystics
Sail al-Din
Leads revival
1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz
Named shah
Chaldiran, 1514
Safavids defeated by Ottomans

15. The Safavid Empire

16. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs
Tahmasp I
Becomes shah
Abbas I (1587-­1629)
Height of Ottoman Empire
Persians as bureaucrats

17. State and Religion Adopt Persian after Chaldiran Shi'ism modified
Also Persian court traditions
Shi'ism modified
Spreads to entire empire

18. Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque
Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture
Building projects
Mosques in Isfahan

19. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
Commonalities
Warrior aristocracies
Move to rural estates after conquest
Threat to central power
Imperial workshops
Artisans patronized
International trade encouraged
Women lose freedom
Subordinate to fathers, husbands

20. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
Abbas I
Removes heirs
Weak grandson inherits
Decline begins
Internecine conflict, outside threats
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
Nadir Khan Afshar
Shah, 1736

21. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
Abbas I
Removes heirs
Weak grandson inherits
Decline begins
Internecine conflict, outside threats
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
Nadir Khan Afshar
Shah, 1736

22. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
Babur
Driven from Afghanistan
Invades India, 1526
Turkic
Panipat, 1526
Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty

23. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
Babur
Khanua, 1527
Defeats Hindu confederation
1530, death
Succeeded by Humayn
Flees to Persia
Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

24. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire
Humayn's 13-year-old son
Reconciliation with Hindus
New religion, Din-i-Ilahi
Blend of Islam and Hinduism
Toleration

25. The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

26. Social Reform and Social Change
Women
Position improved
Widows encouraged to remarry
Child marriages discouraged
Sati prohibited
Seclusion undermined by women's market days

27. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts
Death of Akbar
Reforms don't survive
Empire strong
Cotton textiles to Europe
Especially among laboring and middle classes

28. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era
Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century
Continue toleration
Less energetic
Support arts
Taj Mahal

29. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
Nur Jahan
Wife of Jahangir
Head of powerful faction
Mumtaz Mahal
Wife of Shah Jahan
Also powerful

30. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
Position declines
Sati spreads among upper classes
Other of Akbar's reforms die out

31. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
Aurangzeb
Succeeds Shah Jahan
Programs
Rule all India
Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
1707, controls most of India
Expensive, distracting
Other developments disregarded
Revolt
Autonomy of local leaders

32. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
Aurangzeb
Hindus exluded from high office
Non-Muslims taxed
Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

33. Comparison with Russian and Chinese growth in the same period
Global Connections: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge Between Civilizations
Comparison with Russian and Chinese growth in the same period
All highly centralized politically
Absolute, hereditary rulers
Dependent on new military technologies
Transmission of scientific knowledge
Artistic influence between Muslim empires