1. Chapter 17, Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Objectives:
To trace the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency
To show how Roosevelt used the power of his office to regulate business
To identify laws passed to protect citizens’ health and preserve the environment
To summarize Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights

2. Roosevelt’s Childhood
Born into a very wealthy New York family
Had asthma & was a frail child, often sick
Drove himself to accomplish physical feats
Mastered marksmanship & horseback riding
Went to Harvard University where he boxed & wrestled
Very ambitious & entered the life of politics

3. Theodore Roosevelt Was the Mayor of New York
Was Police Commissioner of New York
Was Assistant Secretary of U.S. Navy
Was Governor of New York
Became McKinley’s VP running mate
Eventually became President after McKinley was assassinated

4. Theodore Roosevelt
Did things his way & the political bosses could not control him
They thought it would better to get him out of the governor’s position so they would be able to run their political machines
Hatched a plot to “kick Roosevelt upstairs where he could do no harm”, and nominated Roosevelt as McKinley’s Vice President in 1900
Republican’s realized Roosevelt was one breath away from becoming the most powerful person in the government

5. Theodore Roosevelt as President
Became president in 1901
While president he boxed with professional, one of whom blinded him in his left eye
Rode 100 miles on horseback just because he could
Went on bear hunts & was said to have sparred with a bear cub: a toymaker marketed a new product called the Teddy Bear
Was bold, had a dynamic personality & was hugely popular which helped him advance his programs

6. Roosevelt’s Thinking
He thought it was the responsibility of the federal government for our nation’s welfare
Thought government should assume control whenever states proved incapable of dealing with problems
“The President is the steward of the people and can assume he has legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand.”

7. Theodore’s Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt would see to it that the common people received what he called a Square Deal
This term was used to describe the various progressive reforms in the Roosevelt administration
Roosevelt believed that modern America required a powerful federal government
If big business victimized workers it was the Federal government’s job to intervene

8. Roosevelt & the 1902 Coal Strike
140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike
Wanted a 20% pay raise, 9 hour work day, & right to organize a union
Mine operators refused to bargain or even meet with them
George Baer brought religion into it and said he felt a religious duty to defeat the strikers – Pres. Roosevelt thought he was an idiot
Roosevelt gets them to use a federal arbitration committee to help settle the disagreement
Workers received a 10% pay raise, 9 hour work day, but forfeited all of the workers belonging to the union, & could not strike for 3 yrs

9. Federal Arbitration: A New Principle
From then on when a strike threatened the public welfare, the federal government could intervene

10. Trust Busting Good trusts = had a conscience
Bad trusts = greedily abused the public
Did not want to destroy the trust because that would destroy the national economy
Pres. T. Roosevelt filed 44 anti-trust suits against companies who established monopolies
His goal was to gain federal regulation over companies

11. Railroad Regulation
Interstate Commerce Act – prohibited the setting up of “pools” in which wealthy rail owners divided up the business in a given area & shared the profits
ICC – set up to enforce the above law, but had little power of railroad owners
Elkins Act of 1903 – made it illegal for rail official & shippers to give or receive rebates And once a railroad had set it’s rate, it could not change it.
Hepburn Act: limited distribution of free railroad passes
All helped the government gain power in regulating the railroads

12. Protecting Citizens & the Environment
Promoted laws to protect citizens from unsafe food & drugs, and the environment from pollution
Thought compromise was the key to benefit public heath & the environment

13. Protecting Health
Roosevelt read The Jungle by Upton Sinclair & knew he needed to make a change
Appointed a commission of experts to report on the accuracy of Sinclair’s description
The commission backed Sinclair’s reports
Roosevelt passed The Meat Inspection Act in – it dictated strict cleanliness requirements
This act supported the progressive principle of government regulation
Negative side of this act: government paid for the inspections & companies did not have to label their canned goods with date of processing info

14. Pure Food & Drug Act
Pure Food & Drug Act was passed in – it halted the sale of contaminated foods or medicines and called for truth in labeling
Before passage of this law, manufacturers advertised that their products accomplished everything form curing cancer to growing hair, children’s medicine sometimes contained opium, cocaine & alcohol

15. Conservation & Natural Resources
Americans had shortsightedly exploited their natural environment: leveled forests, plowed up prairies, cattle overgrazed, coal companies cluttered the land with coal dumps, untreated sewage & industrial waste was being dumped into rivers
Roosevelt said, “Our resources are not endless!”
He banned Christmas trees in the White House
Set aside 1.5 million acres of water-powered sites & another 80 million acres for U.S. Geological experts to explore for minerals & water resources
He established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries & several national parks

16. Conservation & Natural Resources cont…
Roosevelt hired Gifford Pinchot as head of the U.S. Forest Service
Together they established The Newlands Act; money from the sale of public lands in the West funded large-scale irrigation projects
This act established that the federal government would manage the precious water sources in the West

17. Roosevelt & Civil Rights
Father was a northerner, mother was a southerner
Was not a supporter of civil rights for African Americans
However did support a few individual African Americans
Appointed an African American as head of the Charleston, SC courthouse
Met with Booker T. Washington
Roosevelt did little to advance the goal of racial equality for blacks

18. Homework Complete questions 3 & 4 on page 511
Complete the geography skills builder question using the map on page 509
Due Tomorrow!!!

19. President William Howard Taft
Objectives
To summarize the Taft presidency
To trace the division in the Republican party
To describe the election of 1912

20. William Howard Taft President from 1909-1913, Republican Party
Only President to be a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court
Largest President at 6’4” and 325lbs
First President to own a car, throw the 1st pitch on opening day of the baseball season, play golf
First President whose funeral was broadcast on radio
A good friend of Teddy Roosevelt – hand picked by Roosevelt to be his successor

21. William Taft cont…
Was a judge in Ohio, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, a lawyer, & a law professor at Cincinnati Law School
Married to Helen “Nellie” Herron who was very ambitious and wanted to be First Lady
Hated campaigning
He was a cautious president

22. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Taft campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs – a staple of the Progressive agenda
Introduced the Payne-Aldrich bill which would lower rates on many manufactured goods
The Senate changed the bill to only lowering rates on hides, birdseed & sea moss
Instead of vetoing the bill, Taft passes it
Many of his progressive supporters are outraged
Addressed the people in a speech & made it worse

23. Disputing Public Lands
Appointed Richard Ballinger (a wealthy Seattle lawyer) as Secretary of the Interior
Richard Ballinger disapproved of conservationist controls on western lands
He removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands from the reserved list
Approved the sale of millions of acres of coal rich land in Alaska to Seattle businesses- they then sold it to New York businesses including J.P. Morgan
Again, Taft’s supporters were outraged

24. Disputing Public Lands cont…
There was a congressional hearing regarding Ballinger’s actions and Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. Forest Service) testified against him
Trying to protect his administration (Ballinger) Taft fires Gifford Pinchot
Again, his supporters are outraged
The Republican Party starts to split

25. The Republican Party Splits
Taft’s cautious nature makes it impossible for him to hold together the two wings of the republican Party
Progressives: sought change
Conservatives: did not want change – keep the status quo
Split over Taft’s support of political boss Joseph Cannon who was also Speaker of the House of Representatives

26. Republican Party Splits over Joe Cannon
Joe “Uncle Joe” Cannon was a poker playing, rough talking, tobacco chewing politician.
Disregarded seniority when filling committee positions
Anointed himself head of the Committee of Rules which decided the bills Congress would consider
Basically had a dictatorship & often ignored Progressive bills
Reform minded Republicans with the help of Democrats strip Cannon of his power

27. Republican Party Splits
They have a midterm election where everyone gets to vote for a new house leader & Committee on Rules
Republican is divided between the Progressives and Conservatives: they’re upset over cost of living, high tariffs, and the conservatives think Taft is against conservation
The Republicans lose in the House elections and the Democrats take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 18 years

28. Bull Moose Party Roosevelt has been in Africa shooting big game
When he returns people are calling for him to return to office as President
He removes his support of Taft and their friendship ends as well
Roosevelt declares he is running for President for a third term
Roosevelt gives a rousing speech declaring the country needed a “New Nationalism” where the federal government would extend its power for the “welfare of the people”

29. Bull Moose Party: Republican Convention
At the Republican Convention the Republicans refuse to seat Roosevelt delegates
Re-nominated Taft on the Republican ballot
Roosevelt holds his own convention in August & forms a third party: the Progressive Party
The Progressive Party nominates Roosevelt on for president on their ballot
The Progressive party becomes known as the Bull Moose Party due to Roosevelt declaring he was “strong as a bull moose”

30. Bull Moose Party: Their Platform
Direct election of senators
Advocated women’s suffrage
Workmen’s compensation
An 8 hour workday
Minimum wage for women
Child labor laws
Federal regulation of business

31. Woodrow Wilson 28th President from 1913-1921 President for 2 terms
56 years old at time of Presidency
Professor & President of Princeton University
Governor of New Jersey from
Only President to have a Ph.D.
No military experience
Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920
Married twice: Ellen & Edith

32. Woodrow Wilson: Major Events in Office
Seventeenth Amendment ratified calling for direct election of Senators (1913)
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
World War I ( )
Lusitania Sunk (1915)
United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany (1917)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Eighteenth Amendment ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages (1919)
Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the right to vote (1920)

33. Wilson’s New Freedom Had Progressive ideals
Thought that trusts should be broken up (Roosevelt thought that trusts should be regulated)
Thought businesses should be made smaller, not that government should get bigger
Wanted to give greater freedom to average citizens
He called his program the New Freedom & planned his attack on trusts, tariffs & high finance

34. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
It declared certain business practices illegal: companies could no longer acquire stocks of another corporation if it led to a monopoly
The Clayton Act specified that labor unions & farm organizations would no longer be subject to antitrust laws-could strike, boycott & picket now

35. Federal Trade Commission
Was a watchdog agency that had the power to investigate corporations
Put an end to unfair business competition & unfair business practices
Could force a company to “cease and desist”
FTC handed out over 400 cease and desist orders

36. A New Tax System under Wilson
Underwood Tariff of 1913
Reduced tariff rates
Rates dropped from 40% to 30%
Had to find a way to replace the revenue from the decrease in tariffs
Federal Income Tax – 16th Amendment
Taxed profits and earnings
Taxed larger incomes at a higher rate than smaller incomes
By 1917 the government received more money than any tariff
Today income tax is the federal government’s main source of revenue

37. Federal Reserve System
Wilson thought the nation needed a way to make credit more easily available
Wanted a way to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation
Both money supply & credit availability had to keep pace with the economy
Wilson established a centralized private banking system under federal control
Federal reserve banks had the power to issue new paper currency in emergency situations
Is the basis of the nation’s banking system