1. Chapter 13 New Ideas: The Renaissance
Learning Objectives:
Describe what “Renaissance” means
Explain how movable type helped spread knowledge
Identify four important people of Renaissance
Explain the Reformation
Identify two leaders of Reformation
Language Objectives:
Practice defining, understanding new words
Practice reading aloud
Summarize main ideas
Practice writing lecture notes

2. Introduction
The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Dark Ages because people didn’t think about the culture or learning of the Greeks and Romans
During the Middle Ages, Christianity united the people of Western Europe and great universities and cathedrals were built
Around 1300, after the Middle Ages, trade and travel increased, and new ideas exploded in Europe
This time period is the Renaissance = “rebirth” or “awakening”

4. Introduction
During the Middle Ages people mostly thought about God because the church was very powerful
The scholars, or people who were educated, worked for the church
In the Renaissance, people started to think about themselves also, and if they would go to heaven
They wanted to create a better life on earth, and saw humans as more important = Humanism
Humanism lead to new ideas in art, science, literature, philosophy

5. Humanists
Erasmus, a Dutch scholar, was 1st to criticize the Catholic church
He thought the church was trying to get wealth and power and not helping people find God
He believed:
Simple ways are best
The church had too many rituals and ceremonies
If people were shown how to live right, they would
Erasmus

6. Renaissance Art Began in Italy Spread northwest across Europe
People liked beautiful things, including what craftworkers made, and art – statues, paintings
New interest in Greek, Roman art, architecture
First they copied, then improved it
Artists tried to make people in art look more realistic – used live models
Patrons gave financial support to artists so they could improve
Some of the world’s best artists lived during Renaissance

7. Michelangelo Buonarroti
During Renaissance people wanted to become good at many things
Michelangelo was a very good:
Painter
Sculptor - statues
Poet
Architect – buildings
He is most famous for his statues:
Studied human body – even dead ones
Understood bones and muscles
His sculptures seemed real
Michelangelo
Wealthy Italian, Lorenzo de’ Medici, was his patron

8. David Pieta Completed in 1504
1504, age 24, his 1st masterpiece
Body of Christ in mother’s arms
For St. Peter’s Church-Rome
David
Completed in 1504
Strong, alive, perfect example of human form

9. Michelangelo Buonarroti
Pope hired him to paint Sistine Chapel ceiling in Rome
Series of pictures from the Bible
300 figures on 60-foot high ceiling
Painted lying on his back on a platform tied with ropes
Worked on it for 4 years
Helped rebuild St. Peter’s Church – for God
Died at 90

10. Sistine Chapel

11. Education and Learning
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Writing all by hand
Books on parchment paper made from animal skin
Books were beautiful, but expensive
Very few books
Only wealthy people could afford them
Most written in Latin – ancient Rome, language of the church
All Scholars were clergy – church leaders
Learning at churches
Church dominated learning
Secrets of making paper come to Europe from Moors
Gutenberg, German printer, discovered movable type for printing
Movable type = letters molded onto small metal blocks
Letters can be moved to spell out words
They were inked and pressed onto paper
Could now print a whole page at once
Books got cheaper, made faster, translated into local languages
Many people could now read Greek, Roman stories, history

12. Education and Learning
With Gutenberg Bible, people could read the Bible for themselves and weren’t dependent on the Catholic church to tell them what it said
It was translated into English, French, Italian, German
Leads to
More schools open
Grammar schools taught Greek and Latin grammar
New universities
People studied the world in addition to religion

13. Schools & universities
Science and Invention
Rapid change
New books
New ideas
Schools & universities
Springs
Watches
Microscope
Telescope
Astrolabe
Maps
Cast iron
Heart pumps
blood
Inventions
Travel by sea
Travel by land
Medicine
Inventions
Navigation
Medicine

14. Center of the Universe
Many new, great scientific discoveries were made in Astronomy – the study of the universe
New ideas about the motions of the Earth and stars, and mankind’s place in the universe
Many people, and the church did not agree with these new ideas
Throughout time, people believed the Earth was the center of the universe, and that the sun, moon and planets revolved around the Earth
Copernicus said all planets, including Earth, revolved around the sun.

15. Galileo Galilei Telescope enabled people to see sky better
Galileo, Italian scientist, who discovered idea of a pendulum, and law of gravity
Gravity pulls all bodies to Earth at same speed
Proved it at Leaning Tower of Pisa

16. Galileo Galilei
Galileo’s ideas went against what the Greek philosopher Aristotle taught
Many people were angry at Galileo
Other discoveries:
Moon did not have its own light – it reflects light
Jupiter has moons
Milky Way – mass of stars
Discoveries supported Copernicus’s theory that Earth was not at center of universe – but revolved around the sun like all other planets
The Catholic church forced him to give up these ideas, and watched him for the rest of his life

17. Geocentric – Earth is at the center of universe
Heliocentric – sun at the center

18. The Renaissance Man What is a Renaissance Man?
Many kinds of knowledge, talents, skills
Enjoy art, write poetry, play an instrument
Read, write, speak Latin and other languages
Know politics
Ride horses, be good at sports, fight well
Proper manners, grace
Well educated and well “rounded”
Leonardo da Vinci – one of best examples of Renaissance Man

19. Leonardo da Vinci A genius on many fields
One of greatest artists, scientists
Painter
Sculptor
Architect
Musician
Inventor
Astronomer
Geologist
One of 1st to have idea of flying machines
Great understanding of human body, engineering

20. Leonardo da Vinci
Understood the way things worked, the way things join together and form a whole
Mona Lisa is one of most famous paintings
Hangs in the Louvre Museum in Paris
Served Duke of Milan, Italy
Government of Florence, Italy
King Francis I invited him to live in France
He used his talents all together, was very curious, and his art seemed real

21. Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
It is definitely one of the most popular paintings worldwide and has been the center of many artistic, religious, and theoretical debates. The French government currently owns the Mona Lisa and it is featured at the Musee du Louvre in Paris. The painting can also be referred to as La Gioconda or La Joconde. The name of the painting stems from the name of the woman in the portrait, Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy businessman in Florence, Italy named Francesco del Giocondo. Mona means ‘my lady’ or ‘madam’ in modern Italian, so the title is simply Madam Lisa. Art historians agree that Leonardo da Vinci likely began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, and completed it within 4 years. In 1516 the King of France, King Francois, bought the painting and it is thought that after Leonardo’s death the painting was cut down. Some speculators think that the original had columns on both sides of the lady, whereas other art critics believe that the painting was never cut down in size. It has been suggested that there were 2 versions of the Mona Lisa painting, but many historians reject the second version. The duplicate copy can be found at the Dulwich Picture Gallery. After the French revolution the painting was moved to the Louvre, and Napoleon had it placed in his bedroom for a short time before it was returned to the Louvre. The popularity of the Mona Lisa increased in the mid 19th century because of the Symbolist movement. The painting was thought to encompass a sort of feminine mystique. In 1911 the Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre. The art thief hid in a broom closet until the museum closed, stole the painting, hid it under his jacket and walked out the front door. Eduardo de Valfierno was the mastermind behind the theft and has planned to make copies of the original and sell them as the real thing. Eventually, in 1913, he was caught when trying to sell the original to a Florence art dealer. The Mona Lisa is most famous for her facial expression, her enigmatic smile and da Vinci’s mastering of tone and color in the painting. There is much mythology and interpretations relating to the painting that mystify the world. Many art critics and art history buffs suggest that the Mona Lisa is actually a portrait of da Vinci himself in feminine form. In addition, most viewers see the meaning behind Mona Lisa’s smile very differently.

22. “Aero-Screw” helicopter design
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
Anatomy Drawing
“Aero-Screw” helicopter design

23. The Reformation During Middle Ages During Renaissance
Most Western Europeans are Roman Catholic
Church is very powerful, owns land, collects taxes
Popes, bishops, priests are wealthy
During Renaissance
People begin questioning ways of the church
Why are they so wealthy – unlike Jesus?
Why should they have so much power?
Why so many rituals, ceremonies?
Why aren’t they simple, like Jesus?
These questions lead to reform movement=change

24. Martin Luther
Born a German peasant, he became a Roman Catholic monk after studying at university
Believed the church was going in the wrong direction
Publicly criticized church, wrote 95 complaints & nailed it on the door of church in Wittenberg, Germany
Told to recant (take it back) when he criticized the Pope
He refused, and was thrown out of Catholic church
Martin Luther

25. Martin Luther Emperor Charles V declared him an outlaw
Anyone can kill him without punishment
Some princes supported Luther
Hid Luther in a castle
Gained enough supporters to start a new church
Lutheranism: simplified religion – based upon Bible
Catholic Church said no one should practice Lutheranism
The princes who protested came to be called Protestants
Others in Europe started Protestant churches

26. Other Protestants Calvinism- set up by John Calvin in Switzerland
A strict form of Protestantism
Persecution of protestants
In France:
Most people are Catholic
Protestants are Huguenots
Catholics kill many Huguenots
Inquisition-Spain, France, others
Special court set up to try heretics
Hunted down non-Catholics, tortured them, burned to death
John Calvin

27. The Counter Reformation
Many people wanted to make change (reform) inside the Catholic Church, instead of starting new religions
This movement was called the Counter Reformation
Pope sets up meeting “Council of Trent” to keep Catholic followers
Listed beliefs of church and insisted people obey
Also approved new Catholic religious orders – one was Society of Jesus - Jesuits

28. St. Ignatius Loyola Catholic Reformation
Loyola was one of most powerful leaders of Catholic Reformation
Solider becomes a priest
Goal – to get Protestants to return to Catholic Church
Ran Jesuit order like an army
Stopped spread of Protestantism in Europe and carried ideas to far away places
Protestants and Catholics fought for religious control of Europe
Kings and Queens got involved
Ignatius Loyola