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Judaism Founder – Abraham – approx BCE

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Presentation on theme: "Judaism Founder – Abraham – approx BCE"— Presentation transcript:

1 Judaism Founder – Abraham – approx. 2000 BCE
from city of Ur in Mesopotamia follower of old religions with personal gods moves his family to Palestine based on orders from his personal god – Yahweh man of great faith

2 Judaism Ethical Monotheism
Key contributions  Law and ethics Moses – approx 1200 BCE leads Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt key belief  received Ten Commandments from God – Exodus 20: 1-17 Ethical Monotheism

3 Judaism People to know (besides Moses & Abraham) - David
Events to know (besides the Ten Commandments) - Solomon - Division of kingdom into Judah and Israel - Conquests by Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks, & Romans Babylonian Captivity - Jewish Diaspora

4 Christianity Christianity is born in Palestine during Roman occupation
Four Jewish sects Pharisees Sadduccees Essenes Zealots Jesus – founder of religion born c. 6-4 BCE life known through New Testament - Gospels attracted followers with simple message of loving God and brotherhood of humanity used Parables

5 Christianity Central concept  Resurrection
belief that Jesus died and rose from dead after 3 days grants Christians hope in the next life  redemption Jesus left no writings depended on disciples (apostles) to spread word initially attracted few followers Paul makes religion a world religion

6 Christianity Paul – Second Founder attracted non-Jews – Gentiles
- particularly among Hellenized populations Pharisee who has epiphany moment taught Jesus died to atone for sins and faith alone can gain salvation – spread new religion taught using epistles  letters executed in Rome around year 65

7 Christianity Why did this religion appeal to Romans?
Rome going through time of mystery cults – Christianity fit b/c of idea of divine savior & resurrection into better & eternal life promise of equality - occasional persecutions – particularly under Diocletian who believed it was a threat to his authority

8 Christianity Constantine
313 – becomes Roman emperor (Battle of Milvian Bridge) - makes Christianity legal  Edict of Milan calls Council of Nicaea in 325 to settle doctrinal issues Arian controversy – was Jesus human or divine? Nicaea does 2 things - declared Jesus to be of the same substance as God - uncreated and coeternal with Him - Arianism is heresy - Trinity

9 Christianity Key Figures Theodosius - 387 Augustine – 354-430
sinner early in life  Confessions City of God fall of Rome – Adrianople, Vandals synthesized Plato with Christian thoughts City of God City of Man Heaven Rome Eternal Temporal Perfect Imperfect God Man Important Unimportant

10 Christianity Beliefs of Augustine
- God existed in the souls all humans - people should devote all their time & attention to God and not be corrupted by worldly concerns - human souls could be saved by the grace of God - individuals were chosen by God to receive divine grace - predestination - human soul could not receive God’s grace unless that person belonged to the church and had received the sacraments - human weaknesses could be overcome with the help of the sacraments of the church

11 Christianity Division of the Christian Church 3 Issues
- Petrine Doctrine Council of Chalcedon Pope Leo I Iconoclastic Controversy Emperor Leo III Great Schism – 1054 - Roman Catholic – west - Eastern Orthodox - east

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13 Islam Spread of Islam Arabia – 570 - hot & arid trade routes bedouins
small cities around oasis pagan

14 Islam Mecca & the Ka’aba
Mecca becomes center of Arabian life b/c of Ka’aba worship place tourist attraction Yathrib (later known as Medina) multicultural, multi-religious cities

15 Islam Muhammad (570-632) orphaned and raised by uncle – Abu Talib
Quraysh tribe merchant marries wealthy widow age 25 (she was 40) The Revelations received first revelation in 610 in cave first convert – wife Abu Bakr

16 Islam “Recite, recite!” - monotheism
Jews and Christians – People of the Book - new religion (Islam) supersedes previous Islam  “Submission to will of Allah Muslim  one who has submitted to will of Allah - “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet”

17 Islam Five Pillars Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Hajj
problem with the Ka’aba converts come slowly death of Khadijah and Abu Talib - 619

18 The Hajj

19 Islam 622 – flight to Yathrib (renamed Medina)  Hijrah
beginning of Islamic calendar 8-year war with Mecca - 630 war ends with Muhammad and Muslims victorious - Ka’aba accepted as part of Islam - all Meccans convert to Islam Return to Medina (becomes center of Islam Muhammad dies 632

20 Islam – The Four Caliphs
no succession to the prophet given how to select of caliph (successor)? Options  relation to Muhammad  community consensus Abu Bakr chosen to succeed unites Arabia collects revelations into Qur’an Umar ( ), aka Umar the Great campaigns to spread Islam  conquers Sassanid Persia, Egypt, and 2/3 of Byzantine Empire

21 Islam – The Four Caliphs
Reasons for rapid expansion -good generals - tax policy - tolerance - weakness of Sassanid & Byzantine Empires - restlessness of Bedouins united by Islam - Umar assassinated by Persians during Hajj

22 Islam – The Four Caliphs
Uthman ( ) considered holy man Umayyad Tribe – last Meccan tribe to accept Islam allows cousin to continue conquests  Mu’awiya reaches western Africa Uthman assassinated 656

23 Islam – The Four Caliphs
Ali – FINALLY ( ) son-in-law (married Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah) and cousin (father was Abu Talib) to Prophet many claimed he should have been original successor - battles Mu’awiya for control defeats Mu’awiya (battle of Siffin) but allows him to live and continue civil war Ali assassinated 661

24 Islam – Umayyad Dynasty
Mu’awiya becomes caliph establish dynasty continued expansion Arab superiority - centered in Damascus (Syria) Largest expansion - include Middle East to Indus R., north Africa, and portions of Spain

25 Islam – Umayyad Dynasty
tremendous growth economically & culturally construction of important mosque Dome of the Rock  history division in Islam continues resentment of non-Arabs Andalusia – Umayyad Spain

26 Islam – Abbasid Dynasty
Golden Age of Islam less expansion cultural development 750 – 1258 centered in Baghdad end of Arab superiority fragmentation

27 Islam – Abbasid Dynasty
unparalleled achievements Science  recovered ancient scripts to make advances in medicine, astronomy Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Math – Arabic numbers & algebra Literature – A Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) based on Harun al-Rashid Philosophy & Religion – Averroes synthesize Aristotle and Islamic doctrine - Technologies include irrigation, gunpowder, sailing (astrolabe), water power - Falls to Mongol invasions in 1258


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