1. Introduction to Seasonal Adjustment
Based on the:
Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Information Paper: An Introductory Course on Time Series Analysis;
Hungarian Central Statistical Office: Seasonal Adjustment Methods and Practices;
Bundesbank, Robert Kirchner: X-12 ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment of Economic Data Training Course
Artur Andrysiak
Statistics Development and Analysis Section
ESCAP

2. Overview What and why Basic concepts Methods Software
Recommended practices
Step by step
Issues
Useful references

3. Seasonally adjusted and original series – Industrial Production Index (2005=100)

4. IIP percentage change from December 2009 to January 2010
Armenia
Japan (Mining and Manufacturing only)
Russian Federation
United States
Original
-12.17%
-9.83%
-20.41
0.54% SA
14.06%
4.31%
-4.58
0.86%

5. Why seasonally adjust? Seasonal adjustment has three main purposes:
to aid in short term forecasting
to aid in relating time series to other series or extreme events
including comparison of timeseries from different countries
to allow series to be compared from month to month, quarter to quarter

6. Seasonal adjustment
Seasonal adjustment is an analysis technique that estimates and then removes from a series influences that are systematic and calendar related.
A seasonally adjusted series can be formed by removing the systematic calendar related influences from the original series.
A trend series is then derived by removing the remaining irregular influences from the seasonally adjusted series.

7. Aim of seasonal adjustment
The aim of seasonal adjustment is to eliminate seasonal and working day effects. Hence there are no seasonal and working-day effects in a perfectly seasonally adjusted series
Source: Bundesbank

8. Aim of seasonal adjustment
In other words: seasonal adjustment transforms the world we live in into a world where no seasonal and working-day effects occur. In a seasonally adjusted world the temperature is exactly the same in winter as in the summer, there are no holidays, Christmas is abolished, people work every day in the week with the same intensity (no break over the weekend) etc.
Source: Bundesbank

9. Quarterly IPI - Mining and Quarrying Georgia

10. Quarterly IPI - Electricity, gas and water supply Georgia

11. Quarterly IPI - Manufacturing Georgia

12. IPI - Kazakhstan

13. Basic concepts - timeseries
A time series is a collection of observations of well defined data items observed through time (measured at equally spaced intervals).
Examples: monthly Industrial Production Index
Data collected irregularly or only once are not timeseries.

14. Types of timeseries
Stock series are measures of activity at a point in time and can be thought of as stocktakes.
Example: the Monthly Labour Force Survey –it takes stock of whether a person was employed in the reference week.
Flow series are series which are a measure of activity to a date.
Examples of flow series include Retail, Current Account Deficit, Balance of Payments.

15. Basic concepts - seasonality
Seasonality can be thought of as factors that recur one or more times per year.
A seasonal effect is reasonably stable with respect to timing, direction and magnitude.
The seasonal component of a time series comprises three main types of systematic calendar related influences:
seasonal influences
trading day influences
moving holiday influences

16. Seasonal influences
Seasonal influences represent intra-year fluctuations in the series level, that are repeated more or less regularly year after year.
warmth in Summer and cold in Winter BUT Weather conditions that are out of character for a particular season, such as snow in a summer month, would appear in irregular, not seasonal influences.
reflect traditional behaviour associated with the calendar and the various social (Chinese New Year), business (quarterly provisional tax payments), administrative procedures (tax returns) and effects of Christmas and the holiday season

17. Trading day
Trading day influences refer to the impact on the series, of the number and type of days in a particular month. A calendar month typically comprises four weeks (28 days) plus an extra one, two or three days. The activity for the month overall will be influenced by those extra days whenever the level of activity on the days of the week are different.
(The trading day influence is not as significant for quarterly series)

18. Moving holidays
Moving holiday influences refer to the impact on the series level of holidays that occur once a year but whose exact timing shifts systematically. Examples of moving holidays include Easter and Chinese New Year where the exact date is determined by the cycles of the moon.

19. Basic concepts - trend
The trend component is defined as the long term movement in a series.
The trend is a reflection of the underlying level of the series. This is typically due to influences such as population growth, price inflation and general economic development.
The trend component is sometimes referred to as the trend cycle.

20. Basic concepts - irregular
The irregular component is the remaining component of the series after the seasonal and trend components have been removed from the original data.
For this reason, it is also sometimes referred to as the residual component. It attempts to capture the remaining short term fluctuations in the series which are neither systematic nor predictable.
The irregular component of a time series may or may not be random. It can contain both random effects (white noise) or artifacts of non-sampling error, which are not necessarily random.
Most time series contain some degree of volatility, causing original and seasonally adjusted values to oscillate around the general trend level. However, on occasions when the degree of irregularity is unusually large, the values can deviate from the trend by a large margin, resulting in an extreme value. Some examples of the causes of extreme values are adverse natural events and industrial disputes.

21. Models for decomposing a series
Components of timeseries
It = irregular
St = seasonal
Tt = trend
Ot = original
Additive Decomposition Model
Ot = St + Tt + It
Multiplicative Decomposition Model
Ot = St x Tt x It

22. Additive Decomposition Model
The additive decomposition model assumes that the components of the series behave independently of each other. The trend of the series fluctuates yet the amplitude of the adjusted series (magnitude of the seasonal spikes) remain approximately the same, implying an additive model.
Ot = St + Tt + It

23. Additive model

24. Example of additive series - IPI for Serbia

25. Multiplicative Decomposition Model
As the trend of the series increases, the magnitude of the seasonal dips also increases, implying a multiplicative model.
Ot = St x Tt x It

26. Multiplicative Model

27. Example of multiplicative series – IPI for Kyrgyzstan

28. Seasonal adjustment philosophies
Model based method
Filter based method.

29. Model based methods
The model based approach requires the components of an original time series, such as the trend, seasonal and irregular to be modelled separately. Alternatively, the original series could be modelled and from that model, the trend, seasonal and irregular component models can be derived.
Model based methods assume the irregular component is .white noise. i.e. the irregular has no structure, zero mean and a constant variance.

30. Model based methods
TRAMO/SEATS
X13-ARIMA/SEATS
STAMP

31. TRAMO/SEATS
TRAMO (Time Series Regression with ARIMA Noise, Missing Observations and Outliers) and SEATS (Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series) are linked programs originally developed by Victor Gómez and Agustin Maravall at Bank of Spain.
The two programs are structured to be used together, both for in-depth analysis of a few series or for routine applications to a large number of them, and can be run in an entirely automatic manner. When used for seasonal adjustment, TRAMO preadjusts the series to be adjusted by SEATS.
The two programs are intensively used at present by data-producing and economic agencies, including Eurostat and the European Central Bank.
Programs TRAMO and SEATS provide a fully model-based method for forecasting and signal extraction in univariate time series. Due to the model-based features, it becomes a powerful tool for a detailed analysis of series.

32. Filter based methods
This method applies a set of fixed filters (moving averages) to decompose the time series into a trend, seasonal and irregular component. Typically, symmetric linear filters are applied to the middle of the series, and asymmetric linear filters are applied to the ends of the series.

33. Filter based methods X11 X11-ARIMA
X12-ARIMA (uses regARIMA Models for forecasts, backcasts and preadjustments)
STL
SABL
SEASABS

34. X12-ARIMA
X12-ARIMA was developed by US Census Bureau as an extended and improved version of the X11- ARIMA method of Statistics Canada (Dagum (1980)).
The program runs through the following steps.
First the series is modified by any user-defined prior adjustments.
Then the program fits a regARIMA model to the series in order to detect and adjust for outliers and other distorting effects for improving forecasts and seasonal adjustment.
The program then uses a series of moving averages to decompose a time series into three components. In the last step a wider range of diagnostic statistics are produced, describing the final seasonal adjustment, and giving pointers to possible improvements which could be made.
The X12-ARIMA method is best described by the following flowchart, as presented by David Findley and by Deutsche Bundesbank respectively.

35. X12-ARIMA
The X12-ARIMA method is best described by the following flowchart, as presented by David Findley and by Deutsche Bundesbank respectively.

37. Software TRAMO/SEATS X12-ARIMA DEMETRA
X12-ARIMA
DEMETRA
DEMETRA+ (will replace DEMETRA – expected to be released to public in July 2010)

38. Requirements before considering SA QNA
High quality original timeseries
Timeseries of minimum 4 years (16 observations) but ideally between 5 to 7 years (minimum)
Sufficient staff and resources
Sufficient time for experimenting (1 to 2 years)
Sufficient technical know how
Established SA procedures and extensive experience in adjusting short-term economic statistics

39. Direct or aggregative adjustments
It is possible to seasonally adjust an aggregate series either directly or by seasonally adjusting a number of its components and adding the results. The latter (aggregative) method is often employed for most of the major aggregates in the national accounts. Besides retaining, as far as possible, the essential accounting relationships, the aggregative approach is needed because many of the aggregates include components having different seasonal and trend characteristics, and sometimes require different methods of adjustment.

40. Forward Factors versus Concurrent Adjustment
Forward factors rely on an annual analysis of the latest available data to determine seasonal and trading day factors that will be applied in the forthcoming 4 quarters or 12 months (depending if the series is quarterly or monthly).
Concurrent adjustment uses the data available at each reference period to re-estimate seasonal and trading day factors. Under this method data for the current month are used in estimating seasonal and trading day factors for the current and previous months. This method continually fine tunes the estimates whenever new data becomes available.

41. Suggestions for countries planning to begin producing and publishing seasonally adjusted statistics (UNESCAP)
Assess your needs and the needs of your users
Allocate sufficient resources
Provide staff with resources to learn and develop expertise in SA
Evaluate the possible options and choose the most suitable seasonal adjustment method and software (simple and reliable)
Allow plenty of time for experimenting and evaluation of results
Ensure good communication between the seasonal adjustment team and the subject-matter area
Do not publish any seasonally adjusted statistics until confident with the results

42. Suggestions for countries planning to begin producing and publishing seasonally adjusted statistics (UNESCAP)
Consult the main users and seek their comments
Ensure that you have a clear seasonal adjustment policy: covering such issues as method, software, reanalysis, aggregation, outliers, etc.
When publishing SA statistics ensure that users can easily access relevant metadata
Ensure that users can access (electronically) the complete timeseries: original, seasonally adjusted, (trend and working day adjusted)
If possible keep users informed about major events/factors affecting seasonally adjusted statistics
Ensure subject matter areas are involved in validation of SA statistics

43. The criteria of a “good” seasonal adjustment process
series which does not show the presence of seasonality should not be seasonally adjusted
it should not leave any residual seasonality and effects that have been corrected (trading day, Easter effect, …) in the seasonally adjusted data
there should not be over-smoothing
it should not lead to abnormal revisions in the seasonal adjustment figure with respect to the characteristics of the series
the adjustment process should prefer the parsimonious (simpler) ARIMA models
the underlying choices should be documented

44. Recommended practices for Seasonal Adjustment (Eurostat)
Aggregation Approach
Preserving relationships between data - indirect approach
Series that have very similar seasonal components (summing up the series together will first reinforce the seasonal pattern while allowing the cancellation of some noise in the series) - direct adjustment
Revisions
Concurrent adjustment vs forward factors
Take into account: the revision pattern of the raw data, the main use of the data, the stability of the seasonal component
Publication Policy
When seasonality is present and can be identified, series should be made available in seasonally adjusted form.
The method and software used should be explicitly mentioned in the metadata accompanying the series.
Calendar adjusted series and/or the trend-cycle estimates (in graph format) could be also disseminated in case of user demand.

45. Recommended practices for Seasonal Adjustment (Eurostat)
Additional information to be published
The decision rules for the choice of different options in the program
The aggregation policy
The outlier detection and correction methods with explanation
The decision rules for transformation
The revision policy
The description of the working/trading day adjustment
The contact address.
Calendar Effects
Proportional approach vs regression approach
model based methods - regression approach should be used
Outlier’s Detection
Expert information is especially important about outliers
Outliers should be removed before seasonal adjustment is carried out

46. Recommended practices for Seasonal Adjustment (Eurostat)
Transformation Analysis
Most popular software packages provide automatic test for log-transformation
Automatic choice should be confirmed by looking at graphs of the series
If the diagnostics are inconclusive - visually inspect the graph of the series
If the series has zero and negative values – it must be additively adjusted
If the series has a decreasing level with positive values close to zero and the series do not have negative values - multiplicative adjustment has to be used
Time Consistency
Time consistency of adjusted data should be maintained in case of strong user interest, but not if the seasonality is rapidly changing

47. Seasonal Adjustment Step by Step
STEP 0 – Length of series
Series has to be at least 3 year-long (36 observations) for monthly series and 4 year-long (16 observations) for quarterly series
For an adequate seasonal adjustment data of more than five years are needed.
For series under 10 years the instability of seasonally adjusted data could arise,
If the series is too long information regarding seasonality, many years ago could be irrelevant today, especially if changes in concepts, definitions and methodology occurred.
STEP 1 – Preconditions, test for seasonality
Have a look at the data and graph of the original time series
Possible outlier values should be identified
Series with too many outliers (more than 10%) will cause estimation problems
The spectral graph of the original series should be examined
If seasonality is not consistent enough for a seasonal adjustment – series should not be seasonally adjusted.

48. Seasonal Adjustment Step by Step
STEP 2 – Transformation type
Automatic test for log-transformation is recommended
The results should be confirmed by looking at graphs of the series
STEP 3 – Calendar effect
It should be determined which regression effects, such as trading/working day, leap year, moving holidays (e.g. Easter) and national holidays, are plausible for the series
If the effects are not plausible for the series – the regressors for the effects should not be applied
STEP 4 – Outlier correction
Series with high number of outliers relative to the length of the series should be identified - attempts can be made to re-model these series
STEP 5 – The order of the ARIMA model
Automatic procedure should be used
Not significant high-order ARIMA model coefficients should be identified.

49. Seasonal Adjustment Step by Step
STEP 6 for family X – Filter choices
It should be verified that the seasonal filters are generally in agreement with the global moving seasonality ratio.
STEP 7 – Monitoring of the results
There should not be any residual seasonal and calendar effects in the published seasonally adjusted series or in the irregular component.
If there is residual seasonality or calendar effect, as indicated by the spectral peaks, the model and regressor options should be checked in order to remove seasonality.
STEP 8 – Stability diagnostics
Even if no residual effects are detected, the adjustment will be unsatisfactory if the adjusted values undergo large revisions when they are recalculated as new data become available. In any case instabilities should be measured and checked.

50. Issues that can complicate the seasonal adjustment process
Outliers (unusual estimates):
The focus is on unusual estimates, not unusual observations as in the sampling sense. Outliers can cause blips in an original series, seasonally adjusted series and trend series unless they are modified or corrected during the seasonal adjustment process
Revisions:
The seasonal adjustment process leads to revisions to the seasonally adjusted and trend series. Revisions are not desirable, either for the ABS or the users of the series. The analysis technique chosen aims to strike a balance between revisions and quality of the seasonally adjusted and trend series. This issue is commonly referred to as the .end point problem.
Aggregation and Disaggregation:
Regular and irregular influences are often estimated and removed from series at fine levels of disaggregation, such as at the State by Industry level. Higher level seasonally adjusted series, such as at the Australia level, can be constructed by adding up component series to a higher level (to form an indirectly adjusted series) or by directly seasonally adjusting the higher level series (to form a directly adjusted series). The resulting series will not be identical. A common issue faced by time series analysts is explaining why the two approaches do not result in the same series.

51. Outliers

52. Outliers
Outliers are data which do not fit in the tendency of the time series observed, which fall outside the range expected on the basis of the typical pattern of the trend and seasonal components.
Additive outlier the value of only one observation is affected. AO may either be caused by random effects or due to an identifiable cause as a strike, bad weather or war.
Temporary change: the value of one observation is extremely high or low, then the size of the deviation reduces gradually (exponentially) in the course of the subsequent observations until the time series returns to the initial level. For example in the construction sector the production would be higher if in a winter the weather was better than usually (i.e. higher temperature, without snow). When the weather is regular, the production returns to the normal level.
Level shift: starting from a given time period, the level of the time series undergoes a permanent change. Causes could include: change in concepts and definitions of the survey population, in the collection method, in the economic behavior, in the legislation or in the social traditions. For example a permanent increase in salaries.

53. Useful references Eurostat. ESS Guidelines on Seasonal Adjustment
Eurostat. Eurostat Seasonal Adjustment Project.
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2007). Seasonal Adjustment Methods and Practices.
US Census Bureau. The X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Program.
Bank of Spain. Statistics and Econometrics Software.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2005). Information Paper, An Introduction Course on Time Series Analysis – Electronic Delivery

54. Questions?
THANK YOU