1. Mid-Year Review

2. Outline Cells Organisation of Matter Fluids and Pressure
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system and Blood
Constraints & Deformations

3. Cells

4. What are cells? Cells are the basic unit of all living things
2 main types of cells:
Animal
Plant

5. Cell Components Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Mitochondria
The cell membrane holds the cell together and allows nutrients in the cell
Cell wall
Cell walls are only in plant cells
They make the cell strong and rigid
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the watery gel inside a cell that holds the organelles
Mitochondria
Mitochondria is an ORGANelle that releases energy from food
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are only in plant cells
They contain chlorophyll, which helps make energy/food from sunlight

6. Cell Components (2) Nucleus Chromosomes Nuclear membrane Vacuole
The nucleus controls the cell (cell’s “brain”)
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are inside the nucleus and are made of genes (DNA)
Genes decide the cells traits and activities (heart cell, eye cell (color))
Nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane allows substances to pass in and out of the nucleus
Vacuole
Vacuoles are spaces in the cytoplasm (gel) where food and chemicals are stored

7. Cellular Specialization
Although all animal cells have the same basic structure, different cells perform different functions
We call this cellular specialization
Organization:
Cells
Tissue
Organ
System
Living organism

8. Cellular Organization
Cells
Smallest unit of life
Tissues
A group of cells with the same function and structure
Types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
Organs
Structures composed of 2 or more tissue types
Systems
Multiple organs working together for a common purpose
Organisms
All the organ systems together to create one body

9. Matter Matter is anything that has volume and mass
REVIEW: particle model

10. Phase Changes
How do you go from one phase to another?

11. States of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Have a defined shape
Molecules are arranged in a regular pattern
Molecules are held firmly in place and tightly packed together
They can vibrate a tiny bit
Liquids
The molecules flow easily around each other
Take on the shape of their container
Weak attractive forces between molecules keep them from flying apart
Gases
Molecules fly around in all directions at great speeds
Practically no attractive forces between molecules

12. Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Fluids & Pressure
Hydraulics and Pneumatics

13. Fluid
A fluid is any substance that has the capacity to flow and assume the form of the container into which it is poured
Gases
Liquids

14. Types of Fluids There are 2 types of fluids: Compressible fluids
A fluid with a volume that can vary (gases)
Example: air
Incompressible fluids
A fluid with a volume that doesn’t really vary (liquids)
Example: water

15. Pressure
Pressure is the result of a force applied over a surface (measured in pascals [Pa])
Force: an action that modifies the movement of an object or causes a deformation (N)
Surface area: the surface dimension of an object (m2)
𝑃= 𝐹 𝐴
The stronger the force applied to a certain area, the greater the pressure
The larger the area over which a force is applied, the lower the pressure

16. Pressure in Fluids Pressure in fluids is dependent on collisions
Factors affecting the number of collisions:
Number of particles
Temperature
Volume
At constant temperature, the volume of a compressible fluid is inversely proportional to pressure
V ↑ then P↓
V ↓ then P↑
Think about when your breathe

17. Fluid Movement
Remember: fluids move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
Think about breathing and oxygen/carbon dioxide diffusion

18. Musculoskeletal System
Bones and Joints

19. Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system is what makes movement possible
It includes:
Bones
Solid organ that forms the skeleton
Muscles
Have the ability to contract, causing the body or internal organs to move
Joints
The junction between two or more bones

20. 5 Functions of Skeleton Movement Support Protection
You can move your arm, leg, etc
Support
The reason we can stand upright
Protection
Rib cage protects your internal organs
Makes red blood cells
The marrow is where your blood cells and platelets are made
Storage
Internal cavities of bones store fat
Bony tissue stores minerals (e.g. calcium)

21. Bone Structure

23. Lig… sounds like “like”
Connectors
Ligaments
Connects bones to other bones
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
Cartilage
Acts as a cushion to protect the bones or keep certain passages open
Ex: nose, rings in trachea
Lig… sounds like “like”
Bone to bone = same

24. 3 types of muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
The only voluntary muscles (we can control them)
Connected to the bones of the skeleton
Smooth muscle
Makes up the wall of certain internal organs
They are involuntary (they work without us thinking about it)
Cardiac muscle
The muscles that make up the heart
Also involuntary

25. Rectus abdominus

26. Movement Abduction – moving away from midline
Adduction – moving toward midline
Flexion – bending of body part
Extension – straightening of body part
Rotation – moving around its own axis
In abduction -> the b points away from the a
In adduction -> the d points towards the a

27. Respiratory System

28. Cellular Respiration Energy O2 CO2 H2O
Cellular respiration is the process whereby cells extract the energy they need from nutrients such as glucose
This requires oxygen (O2)
glucose
CO2
H2O O2
C6H12O6
Energy

29. Respiratory System Respiratory system made up of: Respiratory tract
Lungs
Respiratory tract:
Nasal passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi

30. Respiratory System

31. Breathing

32. Respiration Goal: Extract oxygen (O2 ) from the air (for our cells)
Expel CO2 (waste)
→ this gas exchange takes place in the alveoli (miniature cavities filled with air that are surrounded by tiny blood vessels)

33. Circulatory System, Blood Pressure & Blood

34. Blood
Blood has a liquid component (plasma) in which different formed elements are found:
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)– carry oxygen
White blood cells (leukocytes) – important for immunity
Phagocytosis – the process whereby white blood cells ingest and destroy certain organisms
Responsible for creating antibodies
Platelets (thrombocytes) – responsible for clotting blood
Blood is the main mode of material transport around the body:
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, other wastes, nutrients, etc

35. Blood Types
A person’s blood type is dependent on the antigens present on the red blood cells
A person can be either: A+ A- B+ B-
AB+
AB- O+ O-

36. Blood Transfusions
These antigens play an important role in blood transfusions (injecting blood from one person into another):
I cannot receive what I do not have
Universal recipient
AB+ (has all the antigen types: A, B, Rh)
Universal donor
O- (has no antigens)

37. The Heart Aorta Pulmonary arteries Superior vena cava Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava

38. Heart & Blood Pressure Good blood pressure 120/80
The heart is the organ that is central to the circulatory system – it pumps the blood around the body
When the heart fills with blood (low blood pressure)
Diastole
When the heart contracts to expel blood (high blood pressure)
Systole
Good blood pressure
120/80

39. Blood Vessels Blood vessels are divided into 3 categories: Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Carry blood to the heart (viens)
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels
Have very thin walls that allow for gas exchange between blood and cells of the body

40. Constraints, Deformations & Material Properties

41. Constraints Mechanical constraint
The stress produced within a material when it is subjected to external forces
5 types:
Tension
Torsion
Compression
Shearing
Flexion/bending
You did this last year!

42. Deformation & Properties
Constraints can have different effects on materials called deformations:
Elastic deformation (reversible- goes back to regular shape after)
Plastic deformation (keeps the shape it has been bent into)
Fracture (material breaks)

43. Links
Linking
The basic mechanical function provided by any component that links two parts of an object
A link has 4 characteristics:
Direct or indirect
Rigid or flexible
Removable or non-removable
Complete or partial

44. Direct vs Indirect Note: rivets are indirect Direct: Indirect:
Link connects parts without using some intermediary material (no glue, screws, tape)
Basically, the part fit together and come in direct contact with one another
Ex: LEGO pieces
Indirect:
The connection between the 2 components requires another fastener like glue or nails/screws
The two parts do not hold together on their own, they require an additional fastener
Note: rivets are indirect

45. Removable vs Non-Removable
The parts can be separated without damaging them or the fastener
E.g. a pen cap from the pen
Non-Removable (permanent) :
If the 2 parts are separated at least one of them (or the fastener) will become damaged
E.g. when things are glued together

46. Rigid vs Flexible Rigid: Flexible (Elastic):
The link does not have any give; it is stuck in a particular position/shape
Flexible (Elastic):
The link allows the parts it is connecting to change positions or be deformed
The link can undergo deformation and then return to its original shape/position
Usually: rubber or springs are involved

47. Complete vs Partial Complete: Partial:
The link does not allow the parts to move independently of each other
If one part moves, the other will as well
Partial:
One part can move independently of the other
If one part moves, the other one does not necessarily
E.g. door and door frame

48. Let’s look at an example:
Link between the two prongs:
Direct or indirect?
Rigid or flexible?
Removable or 
non-­removable?
Complete or partial?