1. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce Chapter 3
Katie Esqueda, Sydney Bagshaw, Rachel Ullrich, Annie Pugmire, Kaia Mullen, Morgan Lafferty, Jaycee Fallatt, Megan Weber, Marisa Walker, Julie Shuman (Per 3)

2. Summary
Stephen is in a period of confusion in his life and has lost his connection with the Church, and yet he feels devoted towards the Virgin Mary
Back at School Stephen is worrying about the sins that he has committed
The school rector tells the students about the three day retreat to honor St. Francis Xavier and the thought of this makes Stephen feel very uncomfortable
Each day of the retreat consisted of a sermon read by Father Arnall, who brings back bad memories of Clongowes
Day one’s sermon is about judgement, Stephen feels nervous when hearing this and feels as if he needs to confess to God but he is too scared to
Day two’s sermon is about hell and now Stephen feels like he has to confess, but doesn’t want to confess at school
By day three they go into more depth about hell and Stephen has nightmares and wakes up the next morning to find a church and confess his sins. Once he confesses his sins he has a new outlook on his future and feels like a changed person

3. Sensory Descriptions
Joyce includes a lot of sensory details in this chapter, all of which emphasize the agony and uncertainty Stephen is experiencing.
Throughout the sermons, Stephen hears the words of Father Arnall’s speeches, and connects emotionally to them. He believes that Father Arnall is speaking directly to him, and as his senses are stimulated, he becomes more and more devoted to his religion.
As Stephen enters his own person Hell, Joyce explains that the air is filled with the smell of "rotting human fungus,” the screams of sinners, and the intense heat caused by furies of flames that will be felt for eternity. He is also taunted by images of "a monkey and a serpent,” in which he calls “hateful and hurtful beasts.”
It is here that Stephen realizes the loss of his innocence and looks to become pure by repenting to an unknown priest. After praying to the Blessed Virgin, Stephen feels clean and innocent once again.

4. Methods that Stephen uses to avoid guilt/punishment
At the beginning of chapter 3, Stephen gives a small donation to a beggar to “win for himself some measure of actual grace” (111) and to avoid the complete deterioration of his soul
Later, he hides in his room to “be alone with [his] soul” to where he admits to himself the horror of all the sins he has committed (146)
After waking up from his nightmare about Hell, he prays and asks for help from God: “His eyes were dimmed with tears and, looking humbly up to heaven, he wept for the innocence he had loss” (147)
Finally, disregarding his fear of punishment, Stephen goes to confession at the nearest chapel

5. Stephens violations of Seven Deadly Sins
Lust: First violation. Needing a break from his life, Stephen turns to the prostitute for momentary relief. Sees girls on the street and giving into his sin-loving mind, lets his mind wander and fantasize. Thoughts of Emma, the dream girl. “Lay for hours sinning in thought and deed…If she knew to what his mind had subjected her.” This initial sin of lust gives way to all of the other seven deadly sins.
Gluttony: Chapter three starts off with Stephen’s longing for food-- literal sin of gluttony. “Hoped there would be food for dinner, turnips and carrots and potatoes...Stuff it into you, his belly counseled.” Represents giving in to natural human desires. Also compares him to an animal in his quick, rough eating habits. Glutton is used in a more metaphorical way as he reflects on his current state of mind; imagery of gluttony is used to describe him: “His soul was fattening and congealing into a gross grease.” Shows his gradual corruption and how it is leading him into a state of indolence.
Pride: Stephen develops a sort of pride for his sins and does not make any attempt to stop his behaviors. “ a certain pride withheld him from offering to the Lord even one prayer at night... His pride in his own sin , his loveless awe of God…” Stephen revels in his sin so much that he does not pray or make any attempt to repent because he knows he is so deep in sin and does not want to be made whole. He believes that he knows better and is right in his actions. He takes pride in this sinful behavior and lets this attitude take over his whole being, preventing him from humbling himself in repentance before God.

6. Envy: Stephen negatively describes those in the church who are worshipping and represent the piety of the righteous in the church. “Their dull piety and the sickly smell of the cheap hairoil with which they anointed their heads repelled him from the altar they prayed at.” Although he describes them as sickening and repulsive, he focuses on these people because he is truly envious of their righteous nature. This envy turns evil as he begins to hate these people for the goodness they have in their lives which he lacks. Envy truly becomes a sin when it leads to hate and intent of harm. At the last day, sinners are said to be envious of the good fortune of the righteous who have eternal happiness in heaven.
Anger: Stephen broods upon his longing and passions with growing anger at himself and the world around him. His soul is filled with chaos and violent energy from the sins he continues to commit. “A cold lucid indifference reigned in his soul. At his first violent sin he had felt a wave of vitality pass out of him...but a dark peace had been established between [his body and soul].”
Greed: accompanies lust in his pacings up and down the streets of the brothels-- Constantly craves more. Stephen also thinks about the implications of robbery and wealth, greedy for more: “If a man had stolen a pound in his youth and had used that pound to amass a huge fortune how much was he obliged to give back.” The money Stephen won as a literary award also represents his greed in the things he spends it on and the desire for more money after it has all run out.
Sloth: Stephen begins to dwell in his sins, rolling around in his sinful behavior and making no attempt to change. “Swamp of spiritual and bodily sloth in which his whole being had sunk.” Sloth literally means “without care”. Stephen exemplifies this in his behaviors, not caring about his sinful nature. This sloth is Stephen’s state of being, in which he accepts his lazy, sinful behaviors and does not care to change them and become a better person--avoids confessing and repenting; lack of feeling and indolence.

7. Fall from grace, repentance, redemption
Fall from Grace: Stephen’s first sexual encounter (the prostitute). Stephens initial sin that leads to extensive quilt.
Repentance: A few days after Stephen “fall from grace”, he experiences great remorse for his actions. He feels that he is destined to “eternal damnation” and consequently, his guilt begins to take over. In an attempt to cleanse his guilty conscious, Stephen attends a three day retreat that discusses repentance, and the consequences of a sinful life without it. As the retreat continues, Stephens quilt worsens significantly and he begins to think every word spoken is directed solely at him.
Redemption: After the third day of the retreat, Stephen goes to bed only to have his thoughts linger over the torments of hell and his inevitable fate of joining the devil in the fiery underground. He then leaves his bed and seeks an unknown priest to hear his confession. After finding an unjudging priest and confessing his sins, he leaves relieved and the next day makes a vow to create a new life of purity.

8. Turning Point for Stephen
Indications of a turning point happen for Stephen while he’s sitting with the rest of his classmates at his new school listening to Father Arnall speak about the upcoming retreat. The Father urges the boys to put aside their everyday thoughts and to think of the blessings of their soul’s salvation and it’s four “last things”: death, judgement, heaven, and hell. He does this in order to change the way the boys see their lives and each of their futures in the new world they are beginning to face.
On his way home, Stephen thinks about the rich meal he had just eaten and the way he lives his life, which he believes have made him into a bestial and nasty human being, whom he is growing to dislike. The next day, he is in even deeper despair over the degraded state of his soul. He wants to change the existence of his “filthy thoughts”, but doesn’t exactly know how.

9. Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy (The Inferno)
Divine Comedy is an epic poem that is divided into three parts. The first part, “The Inferno”, tells of Dante’s journey through the 9 Circles of Hell as he is guided by the Roman poet Virgil.
Circle 1: Limbo
The first level is for virtuous souls who either were not baptized, or died before the time of Christ. Although there is no punishment here the atmosphere is sad, and the souls live in a dense fog away from the grace of God.
Upper Hell (Circles 2-5): This section is composed of the sins that were committed on the unbalanced passions, emotions, and desires of man, which are also known as the “sins of incontinence.”
Circle 2 : Lust
This is the realm where the lustful spend eternity and are punished by being blown back and forth by endless winds of desire preventing them from ever finding peace or rest. The tempest reflects the restlessness of one who was led by their uncontrolled emotions and desires.
Circle 3: Gluttony
Sinners in this circle of Hell are condemned to lying in a vile slush that is caused by a never ending icy rain. The putrid waters and garbage symbolize the personal degradation of one who overindulges in food, drink, or other worldly pleasure.

10. Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy (The Inferno) cont.
Circle 4: Greed
Here the sinners are divided into two groups, the hoarders who accumulated their fortunes and shared nothing with others and the squanderers who lavishly and greedily spent their money. They are punished by having to roll heavy weights back and forth against one another to balance out each other's selfish desires.
Circle 5: Anger
In this level of Hell the wrathful and sullen are punished for their sins. The wrathful lash out against each other, brutally fighting on the surface of the river Styx while the sullen are gurgling beneath the surface to the water, completely withdraw from the world..
Lower Hell (Circles 6-9): Lower hell consists of those who have committed sins in which a personal choice was made.
Circle 6: Heresy (The City of Dis)
Because of their failure to believe in God and the afterlife, heretics are condemned to an eternity of suffering in flaming tombs.
Circle 7: Violence
In this level, are those who have committed violence against others, themselves (through suicide), or God. They are divided into three rings in which they receive respective punishments of being sunk in a river or boiling blood and fire, turned into trees and pecked endlessly by Harpies, and showered in fiery rain.

11. Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy (The Inferno) cont.
Circle 8: Fraud
This circle of hell is divided into 10 stony pits known as the Malebolge, and contains those who guilty of fraudulence and malice. Here they suffer from a multitude of gruesome punishments that reflect the type of fraud that they committed.
Circle 9: Treachery
This circle is the deepest level of Hell and each sinner is frozen in an icy lake, the depth depending on the degree of the sin. Satan himself lies here, flapping his wings to produce and eternal icy wind, freezing the eyes and mouths of sinners as live without any warmth of light.
Connection to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:
In the novel, Father Arnall's vision of Hell, draws heavily from Dante Alighieri's poem Inferno, and Joyce places Stephen's vision of hell at the exact center of his novel as Alighieri placed the devil at the center of the earth. Furthermore, both Dante and Stephen receive a vision of the Virgin Mary reuniting them with their beloveds.

12. Thomas Aquinas and Seven Deadly Sins
Thomas Aquinas is a Catholic Priest who studied Aristotle's work
Summa Theologica writes about the Seven Deadly Sins
Lust, Gluttony (excessive eating and drinking), Greed, Laziness, Wrath, Envy, and Pride
Stephen’s “first violent sin” is revealed at dinner through his literal hunger for “stew for dinner, turnips and carrots and bruised potatoes and fat mutton pieces” (125). This hunger represents his raving for a woman and love.
Stephan’s sin first began from lust and the remaining deadly sins “sprung forth: pride in himself and contempt of others, covetousness in using money for the purchase of unlawful pleasures, envy of those whose vices he could not reach to and calumnious murmuring against the pious, gluttonous enjoyment of food, the dull glowering anger amid which he brooded upon his longing, the swamp of spiritual and bodily sloth in which his whole being had sunk” (129).

13. Biblical Story of Jonah
Jonah is a prophet. The story is supposed to show that God is forgiving and kind.
God instructed Jonah to go to Nineveh, but Jonah boarded a ship and headed for Tarshish instead. A storm developed, Jonah said that it is God was bringing judgment upon him. The sailors threw him into the sea where he was swallowed by a whale.
After three days, God had the whale cough him up. The three days represent the three days when Christ descended into the Hell and returned with the keys of Hell and Death. Jonah obeyed God and went to Nineveh to complete his mission. Jonah preached a message of remorse and the sinful city repented.
Stephan’s three day sermon parallels the Biblical story of Jonah. Stephen’s sins and Jonah’s sin of disobeying God ultimately lead them to the three days in their own forms of hell, Stephen’s retreat and Jonah’s whale. In the end both, atone for their sins. Stephen decides that he would “tell all his sins. His confession would be long, long… But God had promised to forgive him if he was sorry. He was sorry” (176).

14. Descent of Christ to Hell
Christ’s triumphant descent into hell, known as the Harrowing of Hell, occurred between the time of his crucifixion and his resurrection when he brought salvation to all of the righteous who had died since the beginning of the world (with the exception of the damned.) Christ descending into the underworld is mentioned in the New Testament, in Peter 3:19-20, where the Bible which speaks of Jesus preaching to "the imprisoned spirits". (For clarification... Jesus descended into Limbo to rescue the souls and take them to Heaven, not the actually fire-burning, forever-punishing Hell we know. Limbo was where souls went after they died before Jesus came and “saved us all from eternal damnation.”)
In this chapter of the novel, Stephen finds himself believing that he is going to be damned to hell or stricken down by God above because of the lecture that Father Arnall has given. He believes himself to be a horrible sinner, and yet, when he goes to confession, the priest there tells him that all can be forgiven. This parallels the novel because like Jesus, Stephen metaphorically went into Hell and then returned. This chapter is a turning point in Stephen’s life. He feels that he is cleansed from his past sins and that he can now take control of his spiritual state.
Another life! A life of grace and virtue and happiness! It was true. It was not a dream from which he would wake. The past was past.

15. Function of Ch 3 in Joyce’s Chiasmic Structure
Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect.
A B // B A
Middle of the chiasmic structure: rector pauses in his sermon and looks at his watch. Standstill in time representing the change in direction of the tone.
Events leading up to the climax and pause-- stephen’s imaginary trip to hell and the rector’s descriptions of eternal suffering are intense. Imagery of suffering is intense initially after the pause as well, but then takes on a tone of hope, and expresses ideas of forgiveness and repentance.
Stephen sees beauty and aesthetic nature in things in life in the beginning of the book. Right before the rector stops to look at his watch during the sermon, Stephen is filled with sin and sees only the ugly in the world and is filled with it himself. After the middle of the book and the turning point of the chiasmic structure, Stephen confesses and is able to see beauty and possibility in his life. “How simple and beautiful was life after all! And life lay all before him.”

16. Quiz Which of the seven deadly sins leads to all others? Lust Glutton
Envy
Pride
2. Which event marks the middle of Joyce’s chiasmic structure?
Stephen praying with the other students
Rector pausing and looking at his watch
Stephen throwing up in the bathroom
Stephen’s imaginary visit to hell
3. What does Stephen realize after confessing?
He is eternally damned
The other boys have all committed similar sins
He is forgiven and can lead a new life
The priest is his father
4. Who was Thomas Acquinas?
The son of the pope
A catholic priest
An English writer
The author of The Divine Comedy

17. Quiz (cont.)
5. Which of the following methods does Stephen not use to avoid his guilt?
Goes in his room to think and be alone
Gives money to a beggar
Comforts his friends when they are sad
Prays for forgiveness
6. What is limbo?
A place where unbaptized souls go
The equivalent of heaven
Temporary waiting place for those who die in sin but are not damned
The deepest level of Hell
7. Where does Stephen finally confess his sins?
At the school retreat
Chapel on Church Street
At his school’s Chapel
Clongowes
8. What is the subject of the second sermon?
Judgement
Lust
Hell
Sins

18. Quiz (cont.) 9. Which priest gave the lecture? Brother Michael
Father Dolan
Father Conmee
Father Arnall
10. What creature was Jonah in the belly of for 3 days and 3 nights, in the biblical story of Jonah?
Shark
Dolphin
Whale
Seal