1. Human Population: 6.9 Billion

2. Population Density vs. Dispersion
Density: individuals per given area
Dispersion: arrangement of individuals in an area

3. Types of Dispersion Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Reason:
- competition for resources
- based on availability of nutrients
- enhances survival of the group
- not influenced by the patterns of other members of the species
- resources tend to be uniform

4. Types of Dispersion Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Reason:
3 competition for resources
2 based on availability of nutrients
2 enhances survival of the group
1 not influenced by the patterns of other members of the species
1 and 3 resources tend to be uniform

5. Types of Dispersion  Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Example
- Dandelions in the NDHS Parking Lot
- Dandelions in your front yard
- Male squirrel territory

6. Types of Population Growth
Based on:
- biotic potential
- possible growth if no barriers
- carrying capacity
- max population an area can hold

7. Carrying Capacity Determined by: - light - water - food - space
- accumulation of toxins (wastes)
- disease

8. Growth of Populations Exponential: - graph = J curve
- follows biotic potential
- includes lag time
- r selected populations
Logistic
- graph = S curve
- incorporates carrying capacity
- line of growth usually fluctuates around the carrying capacity
- k selected populations

9. Population Types R-selected: - opportunistic - produce early in life
- lots of small offspring
- high growth rate
- experience boom bust cycles
- semelparous
K-selected:
- live near carrying capacity
- few offspring
- more parental care
- iteroparous
- slow growth rate

10. Boom Bust Cycle
Population climbs beyond the carrying capacity and then crashes

11. Predator-Prey Cycle

12. Population Change Growth Rate (percentage):
r = (b-d)/population (x100)

13. Crude Birth and Death Rates
Based on the number of births or deaths per _______ members of the population.

14. Crude Birth and Death Rates
Based on the number of births or deaths per 1000 members of the population.

15. Factors Affecting Human Population Growth
Economic Development
Availability of Birth Control
Cultural and Religious Attitudes
Education of Women

16. Population Changes Doubling Time:
Rule of 70: Divide the current growth rate into 70
Ex: A growth rate of 2%
Doubling time = 70/2 = 35 years

17. Population Pyramids

18. Population Pyramids

19. Demographic Transition Model

20. Demographic Transition Model
Pre-industrial:
- issues: high birth rate
high infant mortality rate
low life expectancy due to lack of medicine and sanitation
mostly agricultural
OVERALL - slow growth rate

21. Demographic Transition Model
2. Transitional State:
- issues: development - more resources
- high birth rate, high infant mortality
- greater availability of medicine and sanitation
- population grows faster
- high levels of pollution

22.  Demographic Transition Model
Industrial State:
- issues: high level of productivity
- greater amounts of resources
- better health care
- population growth levels off

23. Demographic Transition Model
Post-Industrial:
- issues: high levels of affluence
- children do not add economic value (can actually be a burden)
- birth rates fall below death rates or are at replacement levels

24. Problems with Human Population Growth - The Human Virus
consumption of resources
Pollution
Overgrazing
Loss of habitat for other species
Suburban Sprawl

25. Ecological Footpring IPAT MODEL I = P x A x T I = Impact
P = Population
A = Affluence (amount of consumption)
T = Level of Technology

26. Humans and Other Species
loss of habitat
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat degradation
Threatened Species
Endangered Species
ESA

27. Resources Consumption Conservation Preservation Sustainable Renewable
Non-renewable

28. Agriculture Traditional Slash and Burn Green Revolution: Good or Bad?
Fertilizers and Pesticides
Irrigation
GMO
Monoculture
Soil Degradation
Overgrazing
Deforestation

29. Oceans
Overfishing
By-catch
Drift nets
Long Lining
Bottom Trawling

30. Long Line Fishing

31. Drift Nets

32. Bottom Trawling

33. Mining
Metallic Minerals
Smelting
Tailings
Soil Runoff
Water Pollution

34. Economics and The Environment
Cost - Benefit Analysis
Remediation vs. Abatement

35. NRG
First Law of Thermo
Second Law of Thermo
Non-renewable
Renewable

36. Non-Renewable NRG Fossil Fuels Nuclear
Oil and Natural Gas: issues with drilling
Coal: mining
Purest = anthracite - most BTUs
Bituminous
Subbituminous - lowest sulfur -electricity generation
Lignite - brown coal
Nuclear

37. Nuclear Energy

38. Renewable
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Ocean
Hydrogen Cells