APUSH Study Session #5 South and Slavery, Manifest Destiny, Sectional Struggles, and Drifting Toward Disunion(1793-1861) Chapters 16-19.

APUSH Study Session #5 South and Slavery, Manifest Destiny, Sectional Struggles, and Drifting Toward Disunion( ) Chapters 16-19

Manifest Destiny By 1820, the US was expanding west of the Mississippi
Aided by the Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812 Referred to the belief that Americans had a God-given right to the American territories Western settlement was difficult WAR OF 1812 Deprived Native Americans of their British allies MANIFEST DESTINY Some argued that Canada, Mexico, and all of the land in the Americas would eventually be annexed by the US WESTERN SETTLEMENT Terrain and climate were cold and unforgiving Settlers from the East were moving onto Native American lands and lands settled by Mexican citizens

Tens of thousands of Americans migrated to Texas
Mexican government enticed settlers to move into Texas with liberal land policies Settlers promised to become Mexican citizens Ignored Mexican law and practiced slavery MEXICO Gained independence from Spain in 1821 Newly independent Mexico included Texas and much of the SW, including Ca Most people who migrated were cattle ranchers Mexicans prohibited slavery, but the Americans just ignored this

Mexico attempted to regain control in Texas
Settlers rebelled and declared independence “The Republic of Texas” was created as an independent country Texas didn’t become a state until 1845 because of slavery INDEPENDENCE Battle of Alamo was fought during this time (1836) TEXAS AS A STATE Because slavery existed here, it started a Congressional battle over statehood

Thousands of Americans also moved into the Oregon Territory in the 1840s
Traveled for months on the Oregon Trail Caused conflict with Native Americans, British, and Russians Polk administration signed a treaty with Britain that allowed American settlers to remain OREGON TERRITORY Journey took 6 months on the Oregon Trail BRITISH Claimed the area for Canada RUSSIANS Seen as a threat by both the British and the Americans

Discovery of gold led to a flood of immigration to California in 1848
100,000 people migrated in two years Most settlers didn’t discover gold but began farming in the area CALIFORNIA By the late 1840s, people traveling on the Oregon Trail were heading to CA not to OR Discovery of gold set off the Gold Rush

The West and Frontier Living
Frontier boundaries changed constantly 1800—Frontier was east of the Mississippi 1820—Nearly all of the east was comprised of states and the frontier was the Louisiana Purchase 1830s-1840s—Settlers moved to Texas, Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest 1848—Gold Rush drew settlers to California

US government encouraged settlers to move west
Gave away or sold cheap land to veterans Loaned money at reduced rates to civilians Squatters sometimes settled on land without buying it

Fur trading was a common frontier enterprise
Settlers in the Ohio Valley and west found that the area was conducive to grain production and dairy farming Midwest became known as the “nation’s breadbasket” Fur trading was a common frontier enterprise Often the first pioneers in a region Hunted beaver nearly to extinction MIDWEST Much of the area was flat and could easily be farmed by new farm tools like mechanical plows and reapers Transportation advances made shipping produce easier and more profitable FUR TRADING These men were also called mountain men Constantly moved west one step ahead of farming families When they reached Oregon, they ran out of places to go

Cattle ranchers and miners also moved west Frontier life was difficult
Settlers had to deal with the climate, the land, and the Native Americans Frontier offered opportunities like wealth, freedom, and social advancement Women cooked and did laundry and eventually ran boardinghouses and hotels The West came to symbolize freedom and equality to Americans OPPORTUNITIES Not found as readily in the East and aristocratic South

Native American Resistance to Westward Expansion
After the Revolutionary War, America needed more land for a growing population and the expansion of agriculture New lands were taken through treaties or by force Individual states made treaties or fought Native Americans for land without federal approval TREATIES This was a way of taking Native American land honorably Treaties had to be approved by Congress Settlers didn’t really care about taking the land with honor INDIVIDUAL STATES Treaties approved by Congress were ignored by the Native Americans These treaties were seldom upheld by the US as they pushed west

Westward expansion caused varying reactions among Native Americans
Accommodationists tried to adopt European ways and coexist peacefully Traditionalists wanted to maintain their culture and avoid Americans Included Tecumseh and the Prophet TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET Traveled great distances to create a native American confederation Spread a message that all Native-American lands were held in common by all tribes No tribe had the right to sell land to each other or to strangers Preached importance of rejecting all aspects of the white man’s society Including alcohol, clothes, manufactured tools, and meat of domesticated animals Combined tribes in the West and South

Regional Economic Differences
North South West Focus Industrialization and banking Agriculture Varied interests Farming Not as important as in other areas Focused on cash crop Commercial farming, trapping, and real-estate speculation Slavery Became uncommon Crucial to the economy, wanted in new territories to provide political power Wanted to avoid the issue because it seemed irrelevant to them Important Characteristics Communications, transportation, industry, and banking innovations Intensive agriculture required westward expansion Distrusted the North because of the banks, disliked the rigid hierarchy of the South

Eli Whitney The cotton gin was invented in 1793 and revolutionized Southern agriculture Made it easier to remove seeds from cotton plants Made it easier and cheaper to use cotton for textiles Demand for cotton grew rapidly Cotton production increased drastically in the South, which intensified slave labor COTTON GIN 5,000x more efficient than humans DEMAND FOR COTTON Grew during the late 1700s and early 1800s

Agriculture and the South
Although manufacturing spread quickly, farming was the most common source of livelihood in the first half of the 19th century Mechanization revolutionized farming Market economy changed farming By 1860, 2/3 of the crops produced in the US were sold MECHANIZATION Including mechanical plow, sewer, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin MARKET ECONOMY In 1820, 1/3 of the food grown in the US was sold and the rest was kept for personal consumption FARMING IN THE NE Continued but it was difficult because of the rocky and hilly terrain Much of the land had been over farmed New England farmers couldn’t compete with the Midwestern grain farmers and turned to raising livestock Some quit farming entirely and turned to manufacturing

In the South, plantations were crucial to agriculture
Deep South plantations focused on cotton Upper South plantations focused on tobacco The majority of southern farmers owned small farms and did not own slaves In 1860, 25% of white southern families owned slaves

Development in the South
There were few urban centers Family was most important, followed by the church South lacked centers of commerce Canals, railroads, and highways weren’t built like they were in the North New Orleans was the biggest city and relied on water transportation South did not develop a strong market economy FEW URBAN CENTERS Majority of Southerners lived in rural areas in near isolation 1860—population density of GA was 18 people per square mile NEW ORLEANS Developed much more slowly than northern cities like New York and Boston MARKET ECONOMY North developed a strong market economy

South developed a rigid social structure
Planter aristocracy Small white farmers Poor whites Free blacks Slaves PLANTER ARISTOCRACY Plantation owners Made up a small minority (as in the North), but had much more power than the northern aristocrats

Planter aristocracy Dominated politics, economics, and society
Only 10% of the white slaveholding population had 20 or more slaves Grew cotton in the Deep South and tobacco in the Upper South Justified slavery with Southern paternalism Attitude that everyone benefited from slavery Converted slaves to Christianity Incorporated into slaves’ native religions and cultures SOUTHERN PATERNALISM Said that slavery also benefited the slaves Relied on the perception that blacks were childlike and couldn’t take care of themselves Slaves found their lives were easier when they reinforced this paternalism Slave owners believed that they were serving the slaves’ best interests when they converted them to Christianity

Small white farmers Owned fewer than five slaves and often worked alongside them in the fields Comprised the majority of southern farmers Owned small tracts of land Were often subsistence farmers Could only afford the most basic comforts Poorly educated Yeoman farmers owned no slaves and worked small tracts of land with their families SUBSISTENCE FARMERS Grew crops for themselves, raised livestock, and sometimes produced a few cash crops Limited access to Northern markets hindered profits YEOMAN FARMERS Often from Scotland and Ireland Farmed the hills, which were unsuitable for plantation farming

Poor whites Often called “landless whites” Owned no slaves
75% of white southerners didn’t own slaves Farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers Had very little social mobility

Free blacks 250,000 lived in the South
Descendants of slaves freed by their owners or for having fought in the Revolutionary War Black codes prevented them from owning guns, drinking, and assembling in groups of more than three Some owned land or worked at a trade Most were tenant farmers or day laborers Some were mulattoes who had luxurious and refined lives, especially around New Orleans MULATTOES Free blacks of mixed races who were often descendants of wealthy whites Lived in the Deep South

Slaves Lived in a state of subsistence poverty
Lived in one-room cabins with their families and one or two others Conditions were overcrowded and unsanitary Worked long hours at difficult jobs Conditions were worst in the Deep South Many were abused Developed a unique culture that blended native African cultures and beliefs with Christianity Carried out subtle acts of resistance UNIQUE CULTURE Allowed slaves to survive the physical and psychological degradation of slavery ACTS OF RESISTANCE Slave rebellions usually failed Subtle acts often worked and enabled slaves to maintain some of their dignity Could include violating a local slave code or learning to read and write

Abolitionism Before the 1830s, few people advocated abolition
Most early support was from free blacks Abolition associations formed in every large black community To assist fugitive slaves To publicize the attack against slavery Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth were prominent black abolitionists Harriet Tubman helped at least 300 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad ABOLITION ASSOCIATIONS Met every year after 1830 to coordinate strategies FREDERICK DOUGLASS Published the influential newspaper The North Star His Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is one off the great American autobiographies He was an escaped slave who was also a gifted orator HARRIET TUBMAN Escaped slavery and then returned south again and again to help more than 300 slaves escape to freedom SOJOURNER TRUTH Great speaker for emancipation and women’s rights

Some abolitionists supported the return of blacks to Liberia
White abolitionists could be divided into two groups: Immediatists like the Quakers argued for immediate abolition Included William Lloyd Garrison who published the Liberator Other groups supported gradual abolition Some abolitionists supported the return of blacks to Liberia QUAKERS Viewed slavery as morally wrong WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON Many of his early supporters were free blacks, but eventually it caught on with white abolitionists, as well Saw the movement to return blacks to Africa as racist and immoral His persistence and powerful writing style made abolition an important issue Fought against slavery and moderates Some Southern states banned his newspaper and others prohibited anyone from discussing it

When the issue became too heated in Congress, they adopted a gag rule (1836-1844)
Automatically suppressed discussion of the slavery issue Prevented Congress from enacting new legislation pertaining to slavery GAG RULE Outraged many Northerners and convinced them to join the abolition movement Along with other restrictions on free speech

Determination of the abolitionists and the South’s inflexibility made abolition an important political issue Westward expansion fueled the fire These issues helped lead to the Civil War WESTWARD EXPANSION Should new territories and states allow slavery?

President Polk Election of 1844 featured James Polk vs. Henry Clay
As an expansionist, Polk wanted to extend north into Canada and south into Mexico In his last days of office, President Tyler proposed that Texas be annexed by the US Congressional approval made war with Mexico likely ELECTION OF 1844 Polk was a Democrat expansionist Henry Clay was an expansionist Whig (wanted to expand more slowly) He had instigated war against Britain in 1812 as a war haw, but became a voice of compromise eventually Election was close but Polk won NORTH INTO CANADA His slogan was 54 degrees 40 or Fight This would put America deep within Canadian territory SOUTH INTO MEXCIO Polk’s supporters wanted to annex Texas, New Mexico, AZ, and CA TEXAS Tyler claimed that Polk’s election was a mandate for annexation Vote was close and split along sectional lines, but Congress approved annexation Mexico broke off diplomatic relations

US couldn’t fight Britain and Mexico simultaneously
US and Britain signed the Oregon Treaty Negotiated a reasonable northern American border in the area Gave the US Oregon and Washington and parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana WAR WITH BRITAIN US didn’t want this, so they conceded on demands for expansion deep into Canada

US tried to buy lands in the southwest from Mexico
Mexico refused and was still bitter about the US annexation of Texas Eventually, Mexico attacked American troops under provocation Polk asked Congress to declare war in 1846 MEXICO Polk was pretty certain that he could avoid war with Britain, so he could be more demanding with Mexico Texas had already received independence in Some Whigs in Congress claimed that Polk had fired on the Mexicans first, but Congress approved it anyway Including Abraham Lincoln

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Didn’t have universal support of the American people Abolitionists feared that new states in the West would become slave states, giving the South a congressional advantage Wilmot Proviso was defeated in Congress in 1846 Would have prohibited slavery in any lands gained from Mexico ABOLITIONISTS Feared that the South would gain the advantage in Congress with new slave states in the West WILMOT PROVISO Gave many people the belief that southern slaveholders had control of Congress anyway This had been strongly supported in the North

Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
War went well for the US Soldiers pushed across the SW and into CA US pushed south as far as Mexico City Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) US received the Mexican Cession (Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah) in exchange for $15 million

Issues introduced by the Mexican Cession:
Could potentially increase American wealth Whether the new states would be free or slave Popular sovereignty was introduced as a solution New territories would get to decide whether they would be free or slave states Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs would oppose slavery Caused a split in the Whig party as antislavery Whigs joined the new Free-Soil Party POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY This was Congress’ way of avoiding making a decision Through a vote, the new territories would decide their status in terms of slavery FREE-SOIL PARTY Created after the defeat of the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 Regional single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso

Death of the Whig Party Zachary Taylor was the last Whig to win an election (1848) Slavery issue caused an irreparable split within the party Died out by 1856 Led to the emergence of the new Republican party

The Compromise of 1850 California statehood divided the country
Its constitution prohibited slavery, so the South opposed its admission to the US South proposed that California should be forced to accept slavery in accordance with the boundary established by the Compromise of 1820 Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay created the Compromise of 1850 to deal with this issue CALIFORNIA During the Gold Rush, people flocked into California Soon, Californians wanted to become a state so they drafted a Constitution Argument became so hostile that southern senators began talking of secession COMPROMISE OF 1850 Defeated in Congress as a whole package, so it was broken down into separate bills Douglas managed to organize majorities to support each of the bills, so the entire thing really went through

Included the following provisions:
CA would be admitted as a free state Stronger fugitive slave law was enacted UT and NM were created as territories with popular sovereignty Abolished the slave TRADE in Washington DC POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY Could decide the slavery issue for themselves when they drafted their own constitutions Definition of popular sovereignty was vague so southerners and northerners could interpret it differently SLAVE TRADE Didn’t abolish slavery itself in DC FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW Made it easier to retrieve escaped slaves Required free states to cooperate in retrieving escaped slaves

Increase in Anti-Slavery Sentiment
Grew stronger in the North when Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe criticized slavery and plantation life Very important piece of propaganda STOWE Stowe was a Northerner and based her book on information given from abolitionist friends Avoided political preaching and played on people’s sympathies Book sold more than a million copies Later turned into a popular play that toured America and Europe Wrote a piece that was as important as Thomas Pain’s Common Sense in the Revolutionary War This made people who before were apathetic turn against slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Settlers poured into Kansas and Nebraska Areas lacked governments so the slavery issue had not yet been decided Congress wanted to build railroads in the area Stephen Douglas issued the Kansas-Nebraska Act to address slavery here Supported popular sovereignty RAILROADS Congress wanted to build railroads in the area, but they needed some form of government Would impose order, secure land (and drive out Native Americans), and supervise construction KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Douglas ushered this through Congress Didn’t say when or how the people would decide Repealed the Missouri Compromise and further destabilized the slavery issue in the territories Northerners considered this new law to be a betrayal This showed once again that the South had the most power in government North responded by passing laws that weakened the fugitive slave law Required a trial by jury for alleged fugitives and gave them the right to an attorney Southerners were furious about this Drove the final stake into the Whig party

Caused violence in the territories
Abolitionists and proslavery groups moved in and tried to gain a numerical advantage Border Ruffians helped Kansas create a pro-slavery state Abolitionists set up a rival anti-slavery government Proslavery mob destroyed the abolitionist city of Lawrence John Brown’s raid against proslavery forces killed five BORDER RUFFIANS Proslavery Missourians who temporarily relocated to Kansas prior to the election for Kansas’ legislature New legislature promptly declared Kansas to be a slave territory Proslavery forces took President Pierce's recognition as a license to expel the abolitionists Demolished the city of Lawrence, which was a proslavery camp Gangs from both sides than began roaming the territory and attacked the opposition

Violence increased in “Bleeding Kansas”
More than 200 people were killed in altercations based on the slavery issue These events polarized the nation Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner PRESTON BROOKS Proslavery representative who attacked abolitionist Sumner with a cane He had to travel to Europe for treatment and later died This crisis destroyed President Pierce’s political campaign Democrats chose Buchanan as their 1856 candidate Greatest strength was that he had been out of the country for the previous 4 years Could avoid blame for Kansas-Nebraska

New Political Parties Anti-slavery Whigs joined Northern Democrats and former Free-Soilers to create the new Republican party Republicans wanted to keep slavery out of the territories New party grew quickly in the North Nativist Know-Nothing party also formed Anti-foreign party that self-destructed because of the slavery issue REPUBLICANS They weren’t specifically abolitionist Championed other issues like development of roads, more liberal western land distribution, and increased protective tariffs Appealed to a wider base than the Free-Soilers had Including midwestern farmers, merchants, Western settlers, and eastern importers all liked the party Had the majority of congressional seats by 1854 KNOW-NOTHING PARTY Also called the American Party Party grew quickly and dominated several state legislatures Spread anti-Irish, anti-German, and anti-Catholic propaganda Appeared for a minute that they would be the Democrats’ primary competition Self-destructed because the northern and southern wings disagreed over slavery

Election of 1856 Voting was sectional
James Buchanan (D) won by carrying the South John Fremont carried the North Last major election for the Know-Nothings, who ran Millard Fillmore President Buchanan tried to maintain the status quo Enforced fugitive slave act Opposed abolitionism in the South and West KNOW-NOTHINGS Fillmore won 20% of the popular vote STATUS QUO He didn’t know what the permanent solution was to the question of slavery Wanted to maintain the Union until a solution presented itself

Dred Scott Decision Supreme Court escalated the slavery crisis with this decision Chief Justice Roger Taney stated that slaves were property, not citizens Stated that no black person could ever be a US citizen, so they could never sue in a court of law Ruled that Congress couldn’t regulate slavery in the territories Nullified the Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and Wilmot Proviso DRED SCOTT Former slave whose master had taken him to territories where slavery was illegal Declared himself free and sued for his freedom Dred Scott won the case, then lost the appeal, so the case went to the Supreme Court Scott lost on this level TANEY He wrote the majority decision, which was one-sided and proslavery DECISION Said that Congress couldn’t regulate slavery in the territories as it had done with the NW Ordinance in 1787 Under the Articles of Confederation and again in 1820 with the Missouri Compromise Nullified the now obsolete Missouri Compromise Wilmot Proviso was still championed by many Northerners and abolitionists

Basically said that slavery could extend anywhere
This was a major victory for the South Democratic party divided along regional lines SLAVERY COULD GO ANYWHERE This destroyed the Republican goal of preventing slavery in the territories DENOUNCED In the North Even people who weren’t strict abolitionists believed that this helped the South too much Democrat party divided along regional lines

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
Occurred as the two men were running for a seat in the Illinois Senate Republicans Lincoln vs. Democrat Douglas Gave voice to the issues that divided the country Lincoln gave his “house divided” speech Douglas defended popular sovereignty as part of the Freeport Doctrine Lincoln lost but gained crucial national exposure DEBATES Happened in an off year election Political charged debates Gained national attention because of the railroad and telegraph Douglas was considered to be one of the most powerful Democrats, while Lincoln was a mew room star Lincoln has gained his reputation as a Whig opposed to the Mexican War and the Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas tried to depict Lincoln as and abolitionist Lincoln backed Douglas into a corner when he pushed him to reconcile popular sovereignty with Dred Scott decision Douglas suggested that slavery couldn’t exist where local laws didn’t protect it Voters and residents of a territory could exclude slavery by not protecting a man’s property Alienated both Northern and Southern voters with his ambiguous stand Destroyed any chance he may have had in the presidential election of 1860

John Brown’s Raid (1859) Further inflamed sectional tensions
Brown raided Harper’s Ferry in an effort to spark a slave revolt It failed and he was executed He became a martyr for the North and abolition Rumor had it that he had received financial backing from the North

Election of 1860 Republicans selected Abraham Lincoln
Democrats were divided Northern Democrats wanted Douglas Southern Democrats wanted John Breckinridge Third Constitutional Union party nominated John Bell Lincoln received 40% of the popular votes and more than 50% of the electoral vote

South had threatened to secede if Lincoln was elected
Crittendon Compromise was created by Southern leaders who wanted to maintain the Union Lincoln refused to drop his Republican demand that all territories be declared free LINCOLN Probably had no other political option If he went any other route, he would abandon the principles of those who supported him in the election Really believed that the South was bluffing

Secession (1860) South Carolina seceded within three months
7 additional states joined shortly thereafter Southern states created the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis was chosen as President

Fort Sumter (April 1861) Lincoln chose to maintain control of federal forts in the South Was waiting for the Confederacy to make a move Confederates attacked Fort Sumter (SC) on April 12, 1861 No one died, but this is considered to be the first battle of the Civil War

APUSH Study Session #5 South and Slavery, Manifest Destiny, Sectional Struggles, and Drifting Toward Disunion(1793-1861) Chapters 16-19.

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APUSH Study Session #5 South and Slavery, Manifest Destiny, Sectional Struggles, and Drifting Toward Disunion(1793-1861) Chapters 16-19.

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Presentation on theme: "APUSH Study Session #5 South and Slavery, Manifest Destiny, Sectional Struggles, and Drifting Toward Disunion(1793-1861) Chapters 16-19."— Presentation transcript:

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