1. https://memegenerator

2. Cellular Respiration Release of energy stored in food molecules
The process by which living things release energy from food

3. Cellular Respiration Exchange O2 gas for CO2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS glucose

4. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
THE OPPOSITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

5. Cell Respiration Overview

6. Cellular Respiration
Energy released from glucose is “banked” in ATP molecules
ATP is used as energy for all body activities

7. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is 40% efficient (aerobic)
60% of energy from glucose is lost to the environment
Anaerobic respiration is 2% efficient

8. Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration: does not require oxygen

9. Cellular Respiration Overview
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

10. Glycolysis Break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
Makes a small amount of ATP (2 ATP)
Anaerobic Respiration

11. Glycolysis Convert glucose (6C) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3C)

12. Requires 2 ATP to get started
Creates 4 ATP
Net ATP Yield = 2 ATP

13. Krebs Cycle Breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
Makes a small amount of ATP (2 ATP)
AEROBIC

14. Krebs Cycle
Pyruvic acid (3C) must first be converted to acetyl CoA (2C)
Gives off CO2
Creates 1 NADH
Acetyl CoA begins the cycle

15. Krebs Cycle For each “turn” of the cycle: 2 CO2 are given off
3 NADH are created
1 FADH2 is created
1 ATP is made
NADH: carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
FADH2, is a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain. ... In fact, more NADH is produced and used than FADH2 in the process of creating energy.

16. Krebs Cycle
acetyl-CoA is a molecule that contributes to many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
NADH: carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
FADH2: is a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain. ... In fact, more NADH is produced and used than FADH2 in the process of creating energy.

17. Krebs Cycle Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
Each glucose makes 2 turns of the cycle

18. Electron Transport Chain
Obtains electrons from NADH and FADH2 & passes them through a series of electron carriers
Energy is released & ATP is made
Takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Makes lots of ATP (32-34 ATP)
AEROBIC

19. Electron Transport Chain
The NADH & FADH2 created earlier pass electrons to electron carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane

20. Electron Transport Chain
Energy is released, a concentration gradient of H+ is created, & ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP

21. Electron Transport Chain
Each NAHD provides enough energy to create 3 ATP
Each FADH2 provides enough energy to create 2 ATP

22. Cellular Respiration Overview

23. Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
WATER is created

24. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen (all 3 steps of respiration)

25. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration: does not require oxygen
Glycolysis only
Ex: bacteria & yeast

26. Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation: conversion of pyruvic acid to other products after anaerobic respiration

27. Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation: produces CO2 & ethyl alcohol
Used in the bread and alcohol industry

28. Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation: produces lactic acid
Used in dairy industry to make cheese & yogurt

29. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration: O2 NOT required
Glucose: pyruvate and small amount of ATP
ATP production ends glycolysis
Pyruvate is converted into other molecules (fermentation)
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Fermentation/Lactate Net ATP =2
Citric acid cycle= Krebs cycle
Net ATP=36

30. Two Types of Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
happens in bacteria, fungi, and animal cells.
an anaerobic fermentation reaction
In activities that require high amount of glucose to be consumed by our muscles (exercise),
energy is obtained from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate and the by-product is lactate

31. Two Types of Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
When we exercise, the amount of lactate produced exceeds the rate at which the muscles can remove it
leads to an uncomfortable, burning sensation in the muscles, especially those of the arms and legs, and is not responsible for the muscle soreness experienced by the person the day after.
In fact, the burning sensation is just a warning sign that we are doing something that is a bit too hot to handle for our muscles.

32. Two Types of Fermentation
Lactate
The terms "lactate" and "lactic acid" are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference:
lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release a hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form an acid salt.
lactate production is part of the way your muscles get fuel to keep working, and exercising at too high an intensity for too long will lead to the buildup of lactic acid, which will make your working muscles burn.

33. Two Types of Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
similar to lactic acid fermentation
Instead of the pyruvate being reduced to lactate, it is reduced to ethanol, and lets off two molecules of CO2 along the way
Used by: bacteria and yeast (yeast are fungi, btw).
Humans "use" alcohol fermentation in another way, by using it to make bread, beer and wine.

34. Anaerobic Respiration: Review
No Oxygen
Glycolysis extended
Fermentation
Outside the mitochondria
Only 2 ATP produced

35. Similarities and differences to anaerobic and aerobic respiration

36. Biosynthesis ATP provides energy for biosynthesis reactions in cells
Biosynthesis reactions form larger, more complex molecules from less-complex molecules
Ex: starch from glucose
Biosynthesis helps organisms to grow and maintain their structure
Definition provided by definition bing.com
biological production of chemical substances: the synthesis of chemical substances as the result of biological activity

37. Biosynthesis and Breakdown
Metabolism: all chem. activities & changes that take place in the cell/organism
All chem rxns in a cell are 2 types:
Synthesis (biosynthesis): build up larger more complex molecules
Breakdown/decomposition (decomp) rxns: break down larger molecules into smaller

38. Examples of Biosynthesis and Breakdown
Build proteins from amino acids, which then build tissues, such as muscles and blood from proteins
Breakdown:
Cellular respiration, releases E & that E is provided from food

39. Importance of Food Provides E
Organic Molecules for making sugar, amino acids, other compounds
Without macromolecules cells could not repair or create new cells
Photosynthesis provides food for producers
How do heterotrophs get their food?

40. Digestion
Digestion: breaking down larger molecules into smaller, simpler molecules
Enzymes help break down of food
Found in mouth, stomach, small intestine
Speed up reactions
Final digestion occurs in small Intestine

41. Sandwich process through digestion
Contains:
Carbs, proteins, fats sugar, amino acids, fatty acids
These organic molecules then pass thru small intestine Cell membrane to blood stream
From blood stream go into cells

42. Conversions Compounds Converted to Fats: Proteins:
3-C molecule and fatty acids- which enter Krebs
Amino acids

43. Whether a protein, carb, or fat, each organic molecule must be synthesized from the matter the organism takes in
Then it must be broken down so that the organisms can use the necessary organic molecules and energy