1. Chapter 1: Intro to Living Things
Diversity of Life
Chapter 1: Intro to Living Things

2. Characteristics of Living Things
All living things:
Have organization
Contain similar chemicals
Use energy
Respond to their environment
Grow and develop
Reproduce

3. Needs of Living Things All living things: Food Water Living space
Stable internal conditions (homeostasis)

4. Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata (vertebrata)
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species – sapiens

5. Important Terms Autotroph: producer; makes own food
Heterotroph: consumer; cannot make own food
Asexual reproduction: only one parent; identical offspring
Sexual reproduction: two parents; genetic variation in offspring
Prokaryote: unicellular organism without a nucleus
Eukaryote: multicellular organisms with a nucleus

6. Diversity of Life
Lesson 2.1 – Viruses

7. Viruses
A virus is a tiny, nonliving particle that enters a living cell and reproduces in it.
- nonliving
- protein coat
- genetic material (DNA) inside
- cannot reproduce on their own

8. Viruses
Viruses do not have many characteristics in common with living things, and are considered nonliving.
A host is an organism that a virus enters and uses to reproduce.
In this way, the virus is a parasite – almost always destroying the cells in which it enters.

9. Viruses
Viruses are smaller than cells and must be magnified greatly to be seen.
Some viruses are named for the disease they cause; others are named for where they were discovered.

10. Viral Multiplication 1. Virus attaches to host cell
2. DNA takes over many of the cell’s functions
3. Tells cell to produce the virus’s DNA and proteins
4. These assemble into new viruses

11. Viral Multiplication

12. Viral Structure
Two basic parts: inner core with the DNA and a protein coat to protect it.
Each virus has unique surface proteins, allowing them to attach only to certain cells.
Think of a key fitting in a lock.

13. Viruses and Diseases
Viruses can cause diseases in humans and other living beings.
Plants and animals are able to be infected, as well.
Some are mild, like colds, while other are much more series, such as HIV.

14. Usefulness of Viruses
Viruses can be used in gene therapy to treat certain disorders, such as cystic fibrosis.
Vaccine: substance introduced in the body to help produce chemicals that destroy specific viruses.
Weakened/dead viruses are used to activate the body’s natural defenses in case the live virus enters it.

15. Usefulness of Viruses

16. Diversity of Life
Lesson 2.2 – Bacteria

17. Bacteria Structure
First found by Anton von Leeuwenhoek (remember: Cell Theory).
Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes (lacking nucleus).
Most have cell wall and cell membrane to protect.
The cytoplasm contains DNA and ribosomes.
May also have a flagellum: whip-like structure to help in movement.

18. Bacteria Structure

19. Bacteria Shapes
Three basic shapes, determined by the chemical makeup of the cell wall.
Spherical
Rod-like
Spiral

20. Bacteria Shapes
Three basic shapes, determined by the chemical makeup of the cell wall.
Spherical

21. Bacteria Shapes
Three basic shapes, determined by the chemical makeup of the cell wall.
Rod-like

22. Bacteria Shapes
Three basic shapes, determined by the chemical makeup of the cell wall.
Spiral

23. Bacteria Sizes
The largest bacterium is about the size of a period in a sentence in your book.
Most are much smaller.

24. Obtaining Food Some are autotrophs . Some are heterotrophs.
make food either through sun’s energy or from chemical substance in their environment.
Some are heterotrophs.
Must consume other organisms or foods made by organisms (milk, meat, decaying materials, etc.).

25. Respiration
Recall that cellular respiration is the process of breaking down food to release energy.
Most bacteria need oxygen, but some can break down food anaerobically (without oxygen).
Aerobic – with oxygen; anaerobic – without oxygen

26. Reproduction
Food, temperature, and other conditions allow bacteria to reproduce.
Binary fission: asexual reproduction.
One cell divides to form two identical cells.
The cell doubles in size, duplicates its DNA, and splits.
Increases the number of bacteria.

27. Reproduction
Binary fission:

28. Reproduction Conjugation: sexual reproduction.
One bacterium transfers some of its DNA into a second bacterium through a thin bridge.
This process does not increase the number of bacteria.
It results in bacteria that are genetically different from the parent cells.

29. Endospore Formation
Forming endospores helps bacteria to survive harsh conditions.
Endospore: small, rounded, thick-walled resting cells that forms inside a bacterial cell; protects DNA and some cytoplasm.
Can protect bacteria for many years until conditions are suitable, when it opens up and allows the bacteria to grow and reproduce.

30. Bacteria in Nature
Oxygen production: When an autotrophic bacterium undergoes photosynthesis, it releases oxygen into the air.

31. Bacteria in Nature
Food production: bacteria can grow to create food such as cheese, pickles, and dairy products.
Pasteurization is a process of heating food to a certain temperature that is high enough to kill harmful bacteria.

32. Bacteria in Nature
Health and Medicine: bacteria help you digest food, obtain vitamins, and prevent harmful bacteria from making you sick.
They are also used to make certain medicines and substances, such as insulin.

33. Bacteria in Nature
Environmental Cleanup: some bacteria can clean oil spills and gasoline leaks in Earth’s land and water.
Environmental Recycling: some bacteria are decomposers, or organisms that break down large, complex chemicals in dead organisms.

34. Diversity of Life
Lesson Protists

35. Protists
All are eukaryotes – organisms with a nucleus – and all live in moist surroundings.
Other than this, they are very diverse.
Some are multicellular, while others are unicellular.
Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs, some are both.
Some are immobile (cannot move), while others are mobile.

36. Animal-Like Protists Heterotrophs Most can move to get food
Animal-like protists, called protozoans, are unicellular.

37. Types of Protozoans
Sarcodines: form pseudopods (false feet) to help them move and eat.
In fresh water, excess water can build up and cause the protozoa to burst. To prevent this, they have a contractile vacuole to collect and expel water.
An amoeba is an example.

38. Types of Protozoans
Sarcodines:

39. Types of Protozoans
Flagellates: have flagella (whip-like structure) to help them move.
Some may be helpful, as in the case of the termite example.
The Giardia lives in fresh water, and when ingested by humans, can cause an intestinal condition.

40. Types of Protozoans
Flagellates:

41. Types of Protozoans
Ciliates: have cilia (hair-like projections) to help them move and eat.
An example is the paramecium – has two nuclei and two contractile vacuoles.

42. Types of Protozoans
Parasites: feed on cells and body fluids of their hosts.
There are a variety of protozoans in this group.
One example is the Plasmodium, which uses a mosquito and human hosts to transport malaria.

43. Plant-Like Protists Unicellular or multicellular
Use pigments to capture the sun’s energy.
Can be green, yellow, brown, red, orange, or black
Plant-like protists, called algae, are autotrophs.
Produce oxygen and are an important food source.

44. Plant-Like Protists Diatoms Unicellular Glasslike cell walls
Float near surface or can attach to rocks
Release a slime-like chemical to help them move
Source of food for aquatic feeders

45. Plant-Like Protists Red Algae Almost all multicellular
Red pigments absorb as much sunlight as possible in the depths of the ocean
Nutrient-rich food

46. Plant-Like Protists Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed
Holdfasts anchor algae to rocks like roots
Stalks support blades
Gas-filled sacs called bladders to help them float
Used as a food source or thickener in foods.

47. Fungus-Like Protists Heterotrophs Have cell walls
Use spores to reproduce
Spore: tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism
Able to move at some point in life

48. Fungus-Like Protists Slime molds Colorful
Live in moist, shady places (like forests)
Feed on bacteria
They begin as individual cells with pseudopods and can grow to be multicellular or unicellular with multiple nuclei
Eventually grows and releases spores

49. Fungus-Like Protists Water molds and Downy mildews
Live in water or moist places
Often grow as tiny threads that look like fuzz
Attack food crops

50. Diversity of Life
Lesson 2.4 – Fungi

51. Fungi Eukaryotes Cell wall Heterotrophs that absorb food
Reproduce using spores
Grow in warm, moist environments

52. Fungi Cell Structure Unicellular or multicellular
Most have their cells arranged in hyphae, branching tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
Substances can move through the hyphae
Determines the physical characteristics of the fungi

53. Fungi Cell Structure

54. Obtaining Food
Absorb food through hyphae that grow into their food source.
Digestive chemicals comes from the hyphae into food, breaking it down and allowing it to become absorbed.

55. Reproduction Most reproduce both sexually and asexually
They make spores that can be carried by wind and water to new areas, but only a few of these land in favorable areas.
Spores are produced in fruiting bodies. These look differently in different fungus.

56. Asexual Reproduction
When there is moisture and food, fungi make spores asexually.
Cells in the hyphae divide to form identical spores.
Unicellular yeast cells go through budding: no spores; small yeast cell grows from parent and then breaks away.

57. Sexual Reproduction
If there are unfavorable conditions, the hyphae of two fungi grow together and DNA is exchanged.
A new structure forms and produces spores that are a combination of the two fungi.

58. Reproduction

59. Classifying Fungi
Three major groups classified by reproductive structures:
Club
Sac
Zygote

60. Fungi in Nature
Many are decomposers that break down the chemicals in dead organisms.
This returns nutrients to the soil.

61. Fungi in Nature
Yeast cells produce CO2 gas as they feed, creating bubbles in things like bread.
Blue cheese and certain mushrooms are edible and used in several foods.

62. Fungi in Nature
Alexander Fleming was growing bacteria in petri dishes and noticed mold growing in one dish; there was no bacteria growing near the mold.
This led to the development of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
An antibiotic is a substance that destroys bacterial cells.

63. Fungi in Nature Many are parasites for plants and animals.
Results in huge crop losses every year.
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, and other diseases are caused by the growth of fungus in humans.

64. Fungi in Nature
In some cases, fungi growth in plants can help them grow. This relationship benefits both the plant and the fungi (mutualism).
Lichen: a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutual symbiotic relationship.