1. Daily Warm-Up Tuesday, Dec. 6th
-While attending Dr. Xavier’s School for the Gifted, Kitty (Shadowcat) is learning about transcription and translation and how both processes work together to produce polypeptides. Explain these processes to the best of your ability.
Homework:
-Finish Ch. 14
Turn in: -Transcription comic

2. Process of Translation
1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm
2. A ribosome attaches to mRNA
3. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to find the first AUG codon
The correct tRNA has the anticodon that will bind to the codon on the mRNA
The correct tRNA bring the amino acids

3. Process of Translation
6. The codon AUG starts the protein synthesis, and therefore, methionine is the first amino acid
7. A tRNA with the UAC anticodon carries the amino acid methionine
The ribosome moves to the next codon
The correct tRNA has the anticodon that will bind to the codon on the mRNA
The ribosome makes the protein

4. Mutations er

5. Types of Mutations Point mutation Frameshift mutation
Involves one or a few bases in the DNA sequence
Could be base substitution, insertion or deletion
Frameshift mutation
Changes DNA sequence and causes codons to be read differently
Could be insertion or deletion

6. Base Substitution AGC CTA AGT CTA DNA AGC CTA AGC TTA DNA
One or few bases are replaced by different ones
AGC CTA AGT CTA DNA
UCG GAU UCA GAU mRNA
Ser – Asp Ser – Asp Protein
AGC CTA AGC TTA DNA
UCG GAU UCG UAU mRNA
Ser – Asp Ser – Tyr Protein
May or may not change amino acid at that position
Does NOT cause frameshift No
Change
Change

7. Insertion Addition of one or few bases AUG CCU AUU GCC U
ATG CCT ATT GCC T
AUG CCU AUU GCC U
Met – Pro Iso – Ala
Causes frameshift - changes how codon sequence is read
Changes amino acid sequence

8. Deletion One or a few bases are removed TGC TCA G TG –T CAG
ACG AGU G AC A GUC
Thr – Ser Thr – Val
Causes frameshift – changes how codon sequence is read
Amino acid sequence is changed

9. Original DNA Strand DNA sequence: Protein: DNA G C A T G C U A RNA
DNA G C A T
RNA G C U A
Protein:
Met – Ser – Iso – Met – Cys – Stop

10. Base Substitution DNA sequence: Protein: DNA G C A T G C U A
Substitute base # 6 (“T”) with a “C”.
DNA sequence:
DNA G C A T
RNA G C U A
Protein:
Met – Pro – Iso – Met – Cys – Stop

11. Insertion DNA sequence: Protein: DNA G C A T G C A G U C G A U U A U G
Insert an “A” between bases 4 and 5 in the DNA sequence
DNA sequence:
DNA G C A T
RNA G C A U A G U C G A U U A U G U G U U A G
Protein:
Met – Cys – Stop

12. Deletion DNA sequence: Protein: DNA G C A T G C U A
Delete base # 7 (“C”) in the original DNA sequence
DNA sequence:
DNA G C A T
RNA G C U A
Protein:
Met –
Stop

13. Missense
Nonsense

14. Mutation In-class Project
Select a mutation that is caused by one discussed
Make a visual to accompany information about the disorder
Information needed
What type of mutation
What amino acid(s)
What are the symptoms?
Are there any treatment options?