NFPA 1851 Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective

NFPA 1851 Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective
Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting 2014 Edition • The 1851 standard was first published in 2001 and was for Structural gear only; in the 2008 edition the scope was been changed to include proximity ensembles. •The Technical Committee for 1851 affectionately referred to the standard as the SCAM (Selection, Care, And Maintenance) document. Originally, the document was to have been called the Standard on Selection, Care, Use & Maintenance, but that would have made it a SCUM document and the committee just couldn’t live with the acronym! •This 2014 revision was issued on July 15, 2013; the scope says the effective date was August 15, but the verification portion of the standard says August 21, 2013 and allows ISP’s six months within that date in which to become verified.

NFPA STANDARDS PROCESS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE •CC • TC • Balanced membership - User - Labor - Insurer - Special Expert - Research - Enforcer - Manufacturer - Installation/Maintenance - Consumer • NFPA is a standards writing organization, with over 200 committees in existence. Each committee must be balanced (i.e. can have no more than 1/3 representation from any one special interest group). • The Correlating Committee (formerly know as the Technical Correlating Committee) is responsible for overseeing all of the relevant standards to a project, and ensure consistency among the various documents. The CC writes the “boilerplate” text for administration, definitions, 3rd party certification, and product recall. In order for a document to go forward, ¾ of the CC must vote in the affirmative on the actions taken by the TC in regards to the document. • The Technical Committee is responsible for the chapters on design, performance, and test methods. For a document to progress, 2/3 of the TC must vote in the affirmative on the actions taken in regards to the document. It is because of this required majority vote that the NFPA documents are considered consensus standards. •The special interest groups for NFPA 1851 are listed above and since the membership on the committees are balanced, the final voting results are based on consensus, ensuring that no one special interest group can control the vote.

NFPA STANDARDS PROCESS
INPUT STAGE www. NFPA.ORG FIRST DRAFT REPORT Public Comment SECOND DRAFT REPORT Public Review NITMAM •NFPA standards are revised every five years, unless a change in technology forces an earlier revision, or unless the work of the committee causes a standard to be late. • How do you get involved? Anyone can participate in the process by submitting proposals or comments. You do not need to be a member of NFPA, a manufacturer, a scientist, or even a fire fighter. Everyone can participate in the process. • Whenever NFPA is preparing to write a new standard or revise an existing standard, they advertise for proposed revisions at various sites, most noteably the NFPA website. Anyone can make a proposed revision to add a new requirement or to delete or change an existing requirement and the forms to do so are also posted on the NFPA website. NFPA standards writing has undergone a change in an attempt to make the document more user friendly during the development stages. Rather than Proposals, the TC will review INPUT and from this come up with First Draft, which is published and takes the place of the Report on Proposals (ROP). Public can see this first draft and submit Public Comments proposing further changes, which the TC either accepts or rejects. This results in a Second Draft for public review; this Second Draft Report replaces the Report on Comments (ROC) and is also published on NFPA Standards Development Site, together with appropriate links to all Comments, Committee Actions and Committee Statements. At this point the only thing that will hold up a standard is if someone wants to contest the publication of the document as written. This would be in the form of a NITMAM (Notion of Intent To Make A Motion) and this allows the dissenter to address the entire NFPA membership at the annual meeting, when the document is presented. There are only three motions that can be made: 1) Motion to Accept a Comment. Which seeks to add proposed text into the standard. 2)Motion to Reject a Second Revision, which seeks to delete proposed text from the second draft. 3)Motion to Return an entire NFPA standard. This motion seeks to send entire new or revised standard back to TC for further consideration.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 1 - ADMINISTRATION Scope Purpose
Establish a program to reduce the safety risks and potential health risks associated with poorly maintained, contaminated, or damaged protective ensembles and ensemble elements. Establish basic criteria for selection, inspection, cleaning, decontamination, repair, storage, and retirement of protective ensembles and ensemble elements. •Any NFPA document, whether a product standard such as 1971 (for structural and proximity elements) or a user standard such as 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, has to follow a set NFPA format, with certain chapters in a certain order and NFPA 1851 is no different. •The scope statement explains the scope of the document (i.e. what exactly it is intended to address).

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 1 – ADMINISTRATION (cont.)
Application Standard applies to structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements certified to NFPA 1971, present and past editions. Standard shall also apply to ensembles and ensemble elements certified to NFPA 1972 – Helmets; NFPA 1973 – Gloves; NFPA 1974 – Footwear; and ensembles and ensemble elements certified as having CBRN protection. Standard does NOT cover other organizational programs which are under the jurisdiction of other NFPA organizations. •The Application section is to further explain which product standards are included in this standard, as well as what is not covered by the standard. •The standard does not cover protective ensembles for training, operations, or infection control, nor does it cover respiratory protection equipment unless it interfaces with structural ensembles with optional CBRN protection. The standard also does not apply to accessories attached to any element of the ensemble unless specifically addressed within the standard.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 2 - REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS
Chapter 3 - DEFINITIONS Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard of code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents. •As indicated, Chapter 2 provides information on publications that are referenced in the standard. •Chapter 3 is the definitions chapter. NFPA has a database of definitions for different committees to choose from, to ensure consistency among documents. We are explaining some of the most common terms used in the document. This is the first NFPA 1851 Revision to add a definition for Standard.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 3 – DEFINITIONS (cont.)
Ensemble elements. The compliant products that provide the protection to the upper and lower torso, arms, legs, head, hands, and feet. The various elements that make up your ensemble include hood, helmet, coat, gloves, pants, boots and interface elements.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 3 – DEFINITIONS (cont.)
Organization. The entity that provides the direct management and supervision for the emergency services personnel. Manufacturer-Trained Organization. A non-verified organization trained by an element manufacturer of the same element type to conduct any one or a combination of advanced cleaning, advanced inspection, and basic repair on the organization’s elements. • The NFPA definition for organization as it applies to this standard is further broken down into subcategories, including Manufacturer-Trained Organization and Verified Organization and each of these subcategories has different designations throughout the standard.

NFPA 1851 – EDITION Chapter 3 – DEFINITIONS (cont.) Verified Organization. An organization verified by a third-party certification organization to conduct any one or a combination of advanced cleaning, advanced inspection, basic repair, and advanced repair on any organization’s elements. Verified Independent Service Provider (ISP). An independent service provider verified by a third-party certification organization to conduct any one or a combination of advanced inspection, advanced cleaning, basic repair, or advanced repair service. The 2008 revision of the standard contained both verified and non-verified ISP’s. The 2014 edition does not recognize any but verified ISP’s; in other words, in order to claim to be an ISP in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 1851, the service provider must be verified. This revision does not allow for nor recognize non-verified ISP’s.

NFPA 1851 – EDITION Annex The Annex is found at the end of the standard. Items in the Annex are not requirements. The Annex is intended to provide detailed explanatory material. An asterisk (*) beside a paragraph number denotes additional information in the Annex. Also if you are reviewing NFPA 1851, the presence of a vertical line beside a paragraph indicates new or revised language as compared to previous edition. •Although the Annex is found at the end of the standard, we wanted to make you aware of it, since many of the requirements include additional information in the Annex. Note that an asterisk beside a paragraph number denotes additional information to be found in the Annex.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 4 - PROGRAM 4.1 General Information
Organization must have written SOPs. Accessories cannot be added to any element without written approval from manufacturer. The Organization shall use one of the following to perform advanced inspection, advanced cleaning, and repair: Mfg. trained organization for its own elements Verified organization Verified ISP Where the organization is a verified organization or uses a verified ISP approval from the manufacturer is not required. •The Program chapter is broken down into six specific subchapters, beginning with the two listed above. •The general information explains what the fire department should do to comply with the standard in very general terms. •The program organization section explains that the fire department must develop standard operating procedures which cover the various parts of the program, including record keeping, selection, inspection, cleaning, repairs, storage and retirement. Manufacturer's instructions shall take precedent. •If a fire department is unable to make contact with the manufacturer to obtain written approval, the standard allows them to use recognized tests to determine that the accessories do not degrade the performance of the element. NEW: Where the organization is a verified organization or uses a verified ISP, approval from the manufacturer is not required. This was added to ensure that a manufacturer could not withhold approval from a fire department who had chosen specifically whom they wanted to use for advanced inspection, advanced cleaning and/or repairs.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 4 - PROGRAM (cont.)
All garment advanced repairs shall be conducted by the garment manufacturer, a verified organization, or a verified ISP. Manufacturer trained organizations performing advanced cleaning and advanced inspection shall be trained by an element manufacturer of the same element type or by a verified ISP. The element manufacturer or verified ISP shall provide documentation that the organization has received the necessary training. •NEW: This last bullet is to indicate that training does not have to be by the exact manufacturer but can be by ANY element manufacturer of the same element type or by a verified ISP. There is an Annex item that explains it may still be very beneficial for an organization to consult with their own manufacturer, but it is not a requirement. •In the 2007 edition, basic repairs could be performed by any ISP; with the 2014 edition in order to quality as an ISP under requirements of NFPA 1851, any ISP must be verified even for basic repairs.

NFPA 1851 – EDITION Responsibilities for Garment Inspection, Cleaning & Repair MFG V ISP V ORG MT ORG USER Routine inspection X Advanced inspection Complete liner inspection Routine cleaning Advanced cleaning & decontamination Basic repair Advanced repair Training provider This table is excerpted directly from the standard to show who is permitted to do what. MFG = manufacturer V ISP = verified ISP V ORG = verified organization MT ORG = manufacturer trained organization USER = the end user MFG = manufacturer MT ORG = manufacturer V ISP = verified ISP trained organization V ORG = verified organization USER = the end user

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 4 – PROGRAM (cont.) 4.3 Records
● Person element is issued to ● Date and condition when issued ● Manufacturer & model name or design ● Manufacturer ID, lot, or serial number ● Month & year of manufacture ● Dates & findings of advanced inspections ● Dates & findings of advanced cleaning or decontamination ● Reason for advanced cleaning or decon, and who performed ● Dates of repairs, who performed repairs, and description of repairs ● Date of retirement ● Date & method of disposal •There were no changes to the record keeping requirements •It is important to note that all of these records are required to be kept on all elements of an ensemble: hood, helmet, coat, gloves, pants, boots. •The majority of the list of required records came from fire fighters on the technical committee who felt these requirements represented the basic necessities in order to accurately track gear.

www.ppetracker.com NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Asset Management
FREE ONLINE PROGRAM VISIT OUR WEBSITE •ppetracker is a free service that Globe developed for the industry in order to help fire departments track their ensemble elements. This web-based program is hosted by an independent server. •We would encourage you to visit the site at your convenience and see if this could help your fire department in the tracking of assets, whether or not those assets were manufactured by Globe. •It is absolutely free and since it is web-based, it does not require any equipment but a computer! •Note that the reference to Globe’s site on this slide is provided as an avenue to learn more about ppetracker as a potential resource.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 4 - PROGRAM
4.4 Manufacturer’s Instructions ●If instructions from the manufacturer conflict with information in the standard, the manufacturer's instructions take precedence. Manufacturers shall NOT be permitted to override 3rd party verification. 4.5 Protecting the Public ●The public shall not be exposed to soiled or potentially contaminated elements, except during emergency operations. 4.6 Reporting PPE Health & Safety Concerns ●The organization shall report all health and safety concerns if caused by a known or suspected element failure to the manufacturer and certification organization in writing, and request written acknowledgement within 30 days. •4.4 This section was felt to be necessary in the event of changes that cannot wait until the next revision of the standard. For example, the standard says to not launder gear in water that exceeds 105°F. However, let’s say DuPont develops a new fiber that weighs less than ½ oz. per square yard, is totally fire proof, and only costs $1.00 per linear yard. But what if this miracle fabric dissolves when exposed to water temperature that was over 75°F. In this case, the manufacturer’s instructions for laundering this fabric at no more than 75°F would override the standard. NEW: This was added to clarify that manufacturers cannot “waive” the requirement for verification to an ISP’s or organizations. •4.5 This section also explains that soiled gear should not be laundered in the home or in public laundries, unless dedicated to protective clothing. •4.6 Note that this does not require any specific action, other than to acknowledge the concern.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 5 – SELECTION & PURCHASE
Risk Assessment • Type of duties performed • Frequency of use • Organizations experiences • Incident operations • Geographic location & climate • Likelihood of CBRN response • Specific physical areas of operation •This explains the need for determining expected risks, before making the decision to purchase. For example, if you are in an area where the tallest building is three stories, you might not need rappelling harnesses as part of your protective ensemble. Conversely, if you are located in Alaska, you might want to consider a heavyweight winter liner as an added necessity to your turnouts. •This decision of what to select should be based upon past experience, the types of fires the fire department is likely to encounter, and other geographic considerations. NEW: specific physical areas of operation includes an annex item to explain: A.5.1.2(6) Examples of physical areas of operations include but are not limited to: (1) One of the hazards faced by fire fighters is being struck by vehicular traffic. The high-visibility materials required on fire fighter PPE effectively enhance visual conspicuity during the variety of fireground operations. The continuous use of high-visibility garments is one component of a strategy to mitigate risks from struck-by hazards, which are known to cause serious fire fighter injuries and fatalities on an annual basis. Additional high-visibility requirements for fire fighters on or near roadways are regulated by the Federal Highway Administration’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD, 2009 version). It is the responsibility of the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) to specify appropriate high-visibility apparel from the available garment options, if any, and based on a risk assessment, to establish policies for use in accordance with prevailing regulations (the MUTCD) and in compliance with applicable standards (e.g., NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, ANSI/ISEA 107, ANSI/ISEA 207). • It’s important to point out that Pittsfield, NH is not an area that is likely to experience a terrorism attack, so CBRN is not a huge consideration in specifying turnout gear for the Pittsfield Fire Department.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 5 – SELECTION & PURCHASE (cont.)
Interface with other items Wear Test criteria Develop purchase specifications Where applicable, purchase specifications shall define process for determining proper fit Inspection upon receipt of purchased elements, prior to issuance •Other considerations include interface with the various other elements that make up the ensemble. For example, NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program requires wristlets secured with a thumb opening on your coats if you intend to use gauntlet gloves. •The Wear Test criteria refers to having all participants in a wear test wear every single article being evaluated. Unless each person tries every different element being evaluated, they will have nothing to compare the gear against. •Developing purchase specifications is to ensure that every potential manufacturer is meeting the fire department’s requirements. •You have decided what you want, now be sure you get it, which is also why the gear should be inspected upon receipt, prior to issuing.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 6 – INSPECTION General
Routine Inspection Advanced Inspection Complete Liner Inspection •The Inspection chapter covers all elements of the ensemble (coats, pants, hoods, helmets, gloves, boots and interface components). •NFPA defines Interface Components as any material, part, or subassembly used in the construction of the complaint product that provides limited protection to the interface area. Interface areas are defined as being any area of the body where the protective garments, helmet, gloves, footwear, or SCBA facepiece meet. Interface areas include, but are not limited to the coat/helmet/SCBA facepiece area; the coat/trouser area; the coat/glove area; and the trouser/footwear area. •It is divided into subchapters on general requirements, routine inspection, advanced inspection, and complete liner inspection. •All requirements of this chapter are applicable to all ensemble elements, with the exception of the complete liner inspection will is specific to the garment elements.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 6 – INSPECTION General
Universal precautions observed as appropriate. Ensemble elements that are found to be soiled or contaminated must be cleaned before any additional inspection occurs. The organization is responsible for establishing guidelines for when an element is found to be in need of cleaning, decontamination, or repair, and determining the appropriate action to be taken. Universal precautions is defined as an approach to infection control in which human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious. Precautions can include gloves and masks. Where ensemble elements are found to be contaminated by CBRN agents, the ensemble shall be retired.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 6 – INSPECTION (cont.)
Routine Inspection – Garment Elements Routine Inspection is performed by each individual member upon issue and after each use Soiling Contamination Physical damage Thermal damage Reflective trim Seam integrity Assembly & size compatibility of shell, liner & DRD •The routine inspection is required to be done by each member of the fire department, after each wearing, upon issue (this addresses that some gear is re-issued) and is performed on all ensemble elements including interface components. •You are looking for soiling or contamination (i.e. tar or other contaminants clinging to the element). •Physical damage includes rips, tears, cuts, abrasions, or missing hardware. •Thermal damage includes discoloration, burns, scorching, or other contaminant clinging to the outer surface. •NFPA uses the term “visibility markings” to mean the required reflective trim. Inspect trim for damage such as abrasion, contamination, rips and tears, or just missing. •Is the stitching on all of the seams intact? •Does the liner still interface correctly into the shell and are all assembly components (snaps on facing) still present? •Is the DRD still present, and in good working order? On Globe gear, the DRD will have the same serial number as the label on the shell and on the label of the liner system. So during laundering, when you separate all three pieces (the shell, the liner system, and the DRD) you will be able to match all three pieces back together.

Routine Inspection – Proximity Garment Elements In addition to all of the requirements for structural gear, the standard provides additional requirements for proximity garment elements: Loss of reflectivity Loss of reflective coatings Delamination of outer shell A new addition to the proximity is to check for delamination of the outer shell.

SIGNS OF SCORCHING •All three pictures are of the exact same coat. Note the scorching that has occurred on the outer shell, and the similar pattern on the moisture barrier. •The picture in the upper right corner is a close up of the sleeve on the same coat. •The picture in the lower right corner is the barrier layer found just beneath the shell. • Whenever an outer shell shows signs of thermal damage, you must always examine the inner layers, especially the moisture barrier which is always located just beneath the shell. As with an outer shell, discoloration to the moisture barrier does not mean the barrier must be retired; it only means that the moisture barrier should be thoroughly examined, generally with either a cup test or a hydrostatic test to ensure it is still capable of resisting water entry.

SIGNS OF WEAR •This is an example of wear to the outer shell fabric.
•Close examination of this trouser reveals that the seams, and the thread that forms those seams, are actually intact; it is the material alongside each of the structural seams that evidences wear. •Since the wear was located along the inner leg seams, it is quite likely that this particular fire fighter may have been slightly “knock kneed”, which accounted for the wear in that particular area.

UV DEGRADATION •The larger picture shows an example of UV (ultra violet) discoloration to the Aralite thermal liner. • Notice how the discoloration is most noticeable on the front panels, where the pattern suggests that the garment was stored with the tops folded over the boots in the open position. •It is important that any gear be stored out of direct light, which is the warning on every Globe label. •At this point, we could not cause the facecloth fabric to tear, but continued exposure will result in a total loss of tensile strength to the point where the facecloth will become about as strong as facial tissue. •The second set of pictures is of a coat where the material at the upper left shoulder was literally “falling apart”. Even though the fire fighter did not believe that the coat had been subjected to ultraviolet rays, notice how the close up clearly shows the amount of discoloration that has occurred. We even removed the stitching from the top of the letter “A” to show how the yellow material covered by the letter had not discolored, and remained as strong as when the garment was new. Yet the fabric surrounding the letters in the same area could be easily torn by hand with little manual pressure.

Routine Inspection – Footwear Elements Performed by each individual member, upon issuance and after each use Soiling Contamination Physical damage Thermal damage Exposed or deformed toe, midsole, or shank Loss of water resistance Closure system damage Loss of seam integrity •As with garment elements, the routine inspection is required to be done by each member of the fire department, after each wearing. Upon issue is a new requirement to address gear that is being re-issued. •You are looking for soiling or contamination (i.e. tar or other contaminants clinging to the element). •Physical damage includes rips, tears, cuts, abrasions, or missing hardware. •Thermal damage includes discoloration, burns, scorching, tar or other contaminant clinging to the outer surface. This edition of the standard removed the word steel in conjunction with footwear toes or midsoles. • Is the closure system still functional? •Is the stitching on all of the seams intact? •To field test for water resistance, you can place the boots on a brown paper towel and fill the boot with regular tap water, to about the middle point of the product label on the interior of the boot. Allow the boots to sit for about 2 hours and then examine the paper towel for any signs of leakage through the leather.

Advanced Inspection – Garment Elements Performed by element manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, a verified ISP or by a verified organization. Must be performed at a minimum 12 months, or when routine inspections indicate a problem could exist. Findings of advanced inspections must be documented. •Remember that a routine inspection should lead to an advanced inspection if any problems are detected by the user. •2014 edition is once again pointing out that in order for an organization to use an independent service provider, they must be verified. •2014 edition added that a manufacturer could do advanced inspection; although it was “understood” this clarifies who can do advanced inspections.

Advanced Inspection – Garment Elements The ensemble or ensemble element manufacturer or a verified ISP and the organization shall determine the level of training to perform advanced inspections and shall provide written verification of training. Verified organizations making this determination do not need written verification The complete liner inspection shall be permitted to be conducted as part of the advanced inspection in lieu of the light and leakage evaluation for liners. •A verified organization does not need any written verification (documentation) of training in order to perform complete liner inspection. Note: Any time the standard refers to “written verification of training” it should be understood to mean written documentation of training and is not to be confused with 3rd party verification. •Although being done in practice and understood, the last paragraph spells out that a complete liner inspection is allowed to take the place of the light evaluation and the cup testing. Advanced Inspection, if done by an ISP, was always required to be done by a verified ISP, so this is not a change to the requirement.

Advanced Inspection – Garment Elements In addition to all of the items in a routine inspection, the following are inspected: System fit/overlap Material integrity, including wristlets Loss of moisture barrier integrity Label integrity Hook & loop functionality Liner attachment systems Closure system functionality Accessories for compliance • Remember that the advanced inspection includes all of the things necessary to a routine inspection. This means that Proximity Garment Elements are still required to be inspected for loss of radiant reflectivity and loss of reflective coatings. • Fit/overlap: You want to be sure that the garment has not shrunk (since we all know that fire fighters don’t gain weight!) • Overlap is required by NFPA 1500 in the section on Protective Clothing and Protective Equipment, which includes the requirement for determining overlap between the coat and trouser, as follows: The protective coat and the protective trousers shall have at least a 2" (50 mm) overlap of all layers so there is no gaping of the total thermal protection when the protective garments are worn. The minimum overlap shall be determined by measuring the garments on the wearer, without SCBA, in both of the following positions: (1) Position A. Standing, hands together reaching overhead as high as possible. (2) Position B. Standing, hands together reaching overhead, with body bent forward at a 90-degree angle, to the side (either left or right), and to the back. • Check out any discolored or soiled areas of the material of all three layers. Don’t forget to examine the wristlets, which are interface components, for stretching or knit runs. • Check for any physical damage to the moisture barrier (rips or tears). • Is at least one product label still legible? • Does the hook and loop still provide adequate closure? • Are the hooks and dees and/or zipper still functional? • Be sure that any accessories added after market do not affect the garment integrity (i.e. that no trim has been covered up or that the accessories were produced from appropriate FR materials).

Advanced Inspection – Garment Elements LIGHT EVALUATION OF LINERS LEAKAGE EVALUATION COMPLETE LINER INSPECTION • The light degradation and the leakage of moisture barriers tests are required to be done annually and we have slides to explain how these tests are run. •Leakage evaluation is done on moisture barriers and is required to be done annually and information on how to do the test is provided elsewhere in the presentation. • The complete liner inspection test is required to be done 3 years after the date of manufacture and annually thereafter. This requires the system be opened in such a manner as to expose inner layers of the thermal layer and film side of the moisture barrier. • The complete liner inspection includes visual inspection of the thermal liner and a hydrostatic test of the moisture barrier, both of which are discussed in more detail in later slides.

LIGHT TEST •The Light Test is required to be done annually by holding the liner up to a bright light to determine if quilt batting is still intact or has migrated. The two examples provided are rather extreme, but are used to show how the test result will appear when there is a problem. •The light can be bought at a hardware store (Ace, Lowes, Home Depot to name a few) and should cost less than $15.00. •If performing Complete Liner Inspection, a visual of the inside quilt portion of the liner can replace this light test.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION LEAKAGE EVALUATION
•This test is also known as the cup test, bucket test, or puddle test. •The test is required to be run on 6 sections of each liner: 3 seamed areas and 3 areas of fabric only, on the front and back body panels, as a minimum. •These areas should include high abrasion areas such as the broadest part of the shoulders, back waist area of the coat, knees, crotch area, and seat area of trouser – or any area of the garment that suggests potential damage. •The liner is oriented such that the moisture barrier is exposed and comes into contact with liquid. •The liquid is an alcohol tap water mixture, consisting of 1 part rubbing alcohol (70 percent isopropanol alcohol) with 6 parts tap water. •The method is to pour 1 cup of the liquid into a “well” formed by placing the dry liner system over a bucket, with the barrier side exposed. Wait 3 minutes and inspect the thermal liner side of the system; any signs that water has passed through the moisture barrier to wet the thermal portion of the liner system indicates failure.

Complete Liner Inspection – Garment Elements A Complete Liner Inspection shall be performed by the garment manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, a verified organization, or a verified ISP. The member of the organization who has received training shall be responsible for performing, managing, or coordinating the Complete Liner Inspection process. The manufacturer or a verified ISP and the organization will determine the level of training necessary to perform Complete Liner Inspections. •This requirement for a complete liner inspection was added to NFPA 1851 in the 2008 edition. •The entity who can perform the complete liner inspection has been more thoroughly identified. •Notice that the fire department can choose to work with either the manufacturer or a verified ISP to determine how much training is necessary.

Complete Liner Inspection – Garment Elements A verified organization shall be permitted to determine the level of training necessary to perform Complete Liner Inspections, without further written verification. The Complete Liner Inspection is required to be performed beginning at year 3, and every year thereafter. If a moisture barrier has been replaced, the Complete Liner Inspection must be within 2 years of the new barrier installation The findings of the Complete Liner Inspection shall be documented. •NEW: a verified organization does not need any written verification or training in order to perform complete liner inspection. Here again, when the standard refers to “written verification of training” it should be understood to mean written documentation of training and is not to be confused with 3rd party verification. •Year 3 refers to years in service, not the date of manufacture. •Standard requires that the liner system be opened up to expose the inner layers of both the thermal liner and the moisture barrier. •The 2 years is because the thermal liner will not have been replaced and therefore should be inspected sooner than 3 years. •The fire department is required to have written verification of training. Once you have successfully completed this course, you will be presented with a certificate of training.

Complete Liner Inspection – Garment Elements The Complete Liner Inspection includes a Water Penetration Barrier Evaluation Test for the moisture barrier, which requires a hydrostatic test apparatus. The moisture barrier and thermal barrier shall be inspected for the following: Physical damage Loss of seam strength Material physical integrity Delamination •As with the leakage test, water penetration testing is required for 6 sections of each liner: 3 seamed areas and 3 areas of fabric only, on the front and back body panels, as a minimum. •These areas should include high abrasion areas such as the broadest part of the shoulders, back waist area of the coat, knees, crotch area, and seat area of trouser – or any area of the garment that suggests potential damage. •The hydrostatic test is run for a duration of 15 seconds at 1 psi (pounds per square inch), during which the moisture barrier is visually inspected for any signs of water penetration. •Physical damage would be obvious tears, cuts, punctures, scorch marks or other visual damage to the garment. •Seam strength would be indicated by a visual inspection to ensure seams are intact. •Loss of material physical integrity includes UV or chemical degradation as evidenced by discoloration, changes in material texture, loss of material strength, loss or shifting of liner material. •To check for material strength you would attempt to cause the fabrics to tear under applied manual pressure to any areas that are scorched or visually changed in some manner. •Delamination would be the obvious visual evidence that the film is separating from the substrate on the moisture barrier.

Gore Hydrostatic Tester
HYDROSTATIC TESTING Gore Hydrostatic Tester Clamp Pressure gauge Test plate Liquid tank •This is an example of a W.L. Gore Hydrostatic Tester. •W.L. Gore has explained that they are not set up to handle selling directly to end users, so we have worked with them so that the equipment can be purchased through Globe. •The apparatus consists of a test plate, outlined by a black rubber gasket. Water is pumped from the liquid tank at the side of the apparatus through the hose to the test plate. •The area of the moisture barrier to be tested is held in place on the surface of the test plate by the clamp overhead. Hose

Gore Hydrostatic Tester
HYDROSTATIC TESTING Gore Hydrostatic Tester •The barrier is oriented such that the film and tape side are visible, while the substrate (or cloth) side are facing the holes in the test plate. •The hydrostatic test is run for a duration of 15 seconds at 1 psi (pounds per square inch). The pressure is measured on the pressure gauge to the upper right hand side of the apparatus. •The test is run for 15 seconds, during which the moisture barrier is visually inspected for any signs of water penetration through either the tape or the film itself. •Any leakage at all is considered a failure. When testing the sealed barrier seam, make sure the substrate side is down such that the film side is visible, and that seams are in the center of sample.

COMPLETE LINER INSPECTION
Opening Your Coat Liner •Globe GXtreme or Cairns ReaXtion models have always had a separating liner system, with “baby snaps” along the sides of the liner, allowing the thermal liner to be partially separated from the moisture barrier. With the 2007 edition of the Standard (garments produced as of October 2006) all Globe Firefighters Suits coat models, including the GXtreme, have incorporated a separating annular tab. •The complete separating liner system became an option on the GXtreme and ReaXtion models effective with the 2007 edition of NFPA If you did not request this option, you would automatically have the separation along the annular tab at the collar, as shown in the first illustration. For the Cairns division, there is an opening along the front of the thermal liner, between the second and third attachment snaps, beneath the facing on all coat styles including the ReaXtion. •With the 2013 revision to NFPA 1971, all Globe garments incorporate some type of access opening for ease of inspection. •If your coat is not a GXtreme or ReaXtion model, or was produced prior to the 2007 edition of NFPA 1971, you will need to open the binding along the bottom of the hemline, for a distance of approximately 12” . We have outlined this area in the top right photograph. One way to do this is to use a seam ripper to carefully remove the row of stitching on the binding, as shown in the lower left hand illustration. Leave the binding tape attached on either side of the area you have opened, since you will need to close the liner up following the inspection. •Following inspection, to close the liner system simply restitch the binding to the liner system, following the same stitch lines and using Nomex thread with a single needle stitch. If you do not have access to a sewing machine, it is permissible to hand stitch this seam closed, using a basting type stitch. This stitching is shown in the picture on the lower right corner.

Opening Your Pant Liner
COMPLETE LINER INSPECTION •Globe GXtreme or Cairns ReaXtion models have always had a separating liner system. With the 2007 edition of the Standard (garments produced as of October 2006) all pant models, including the GXtreme or ReaXtion, have a separation along the top of the waist of the thermal liner, allowing you to examine the inner surfaces. This opening is shown in the photograph on the upper left corner. • he complete separating liner system became an option on the GXtreme and ReaXtion models effective with the 2007 edition of NFPA If you did not request this option, you would automatically have the separation along the waist band. •If your pant is not a GXtreme or ReaXtion model, or was produced prior to the 2007 edition of NFPA 1971, you will need to unstitch the binding along the edge of the fly, from the top snap to the base of the fly, on one side only. This can be done by carefully using a seam ripper to remove the line of stitching on the binding. Leave the binding tape attached on either side of the area you have opened, since you will need to close the liner up following the inspection. This is shown in the photograph in the upper right corner. •Following inspection, to close the liner system simply restitch the binding to the liner system, along the same stitch lines and using Nomex thread with a single needle stitch. If you do not have access to a sewing machine, it is permissible to hand stitch this seam closed, using a basting type stitch, since the inspection is required to be done annually. This restitching is shown in the bottom center photograph.

WEAR TO THE THERMAL QUILT
•The example shown in the upper right corner of the page is of a five year old trouser that has had a great deal of abrasion in the crotch area, resulting in the thermal quilt thinning out. This type of damage is also shown in the bottom middle photograph. •The photo on the upper left is of a coat liner cleaned by an outside repair facility, who informed us that when they opened the hemline, the migrated batting was along the hem. The picture in the upper middle shows the amount of batt that was present along the hemline. The company that shared the information and provided the pictures assured us that neither of these were Globe coats! •This type of damage to the quilt batt would obviously result in a complete loss of thermal protection in the affected areas. •We do have to add that for the most part these are all extreme; however, they are photographs of actual garments and they demonstrate why it is important to be aware of what can happen on the inside of a garment and why the complete liner inspection was felt to be necessary.

Jacket high abrasion areas
HYDROSTATIC TESTING Jacket high abrasion areas •These are some examples of where we would normally conduct our Complete Liner Inspections on coats, based upon our experience and upon information supplied by existing care and cleaning facilities. •Underarm areas, the upper back, and along and below the middle sections of the coat are all considered high abrasion areas. •There is consensus that the area along and below the middle of a coat may be affected by the abrasion caused by wearing SCBA straps.

Pant high abrasion areas
HYDROSTATIC TESTING Pant high abrasion areas •These are the examples of where we would normally conduct our Complete Liner Inspections and the leakage evaluation tests on pants, again based upon our experience and upon information supplied by existing care and cleaning facilities. •Always remember, however, that any area that shows unusual or heavy soiling or wear is a likely candidate to be tested, since these are signs of fabric stress and are a visual indicator of potential problem areas. •Obviously, the base of the crotch is a high stress area because of the motion necessary to donning and doffing. Likewise, the seat and rear of the trousers will often show leakage. •As with the DRD strap on a coat, we also would caution the user to pay attention to areas of the moisture barrier that may be affected by the presence of any type of harness system.

HYDROSTATIC TESTING •These are photos of coats and trousers that were returned for evaluation. We are using them as examples of what to look for as potential areas to test. •The pictures on the left of the screen are of the same coat and show how the trim actually provided an extra layer of protection from outside soiling at the sleeves. We hydrostatically checked some of the most soiled areas, as well as the scorched right shoulder (shown in the bottom coat picture). None of the areas tested failed. •The pictures on the right are of one pair of trousers and as you can see, there is extreme soiling to the back rear panel, and also scorching at the base of the trouser leg. We tested both these areas and found leakage at the soiled area, but not on the scorched area of the leg! •The bottom right picture is a close up of the area that we tested that failed. Note that there are actually four pinholes in the diameter we tested. The large circle shows the entire area tested and the smaller marks show the individual areas of failure, within the diameter of the area tested.

Advanced Inspection – Footwear Elements In addition to all of the items in a routine inspection, Advanced Inspection requires inspection of the following: Excessive tread wear Condition of lining Heel counter failure Accessories for compliance Label integrity and legibility •Condition of lining includes such things as tears or separations from the outer layer. •This is a reminder that any aftermarket accessories must not degrade the performance of the boot and should be evaluated during your advanced inspection. • Label integrity was formerly only in garments but was added to every element covered by NFPA 1971

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 – CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION
General Routine Cleaning Advanced Cleaning & Decontamination Drying Procedures •The cleaning chapter covers all elements of the ensemble (coats, pants, hoods, helmets, gloves, boots and interface components.) •It is divided into subchapters on general requirements, routine cleaning, advanced cleaning, and decontamination and drying procedures.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 - CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION
General Organizations shall provide a means for having ensemble elements cleaned and decontaminated Evaluated by wearer to determine appropriate cleaning level Elements contaminated by CBRN terrorism agents immediately retired Elements suspected to have been contaminated by hazardous materials shall be evaluated at the scene Contaminated elements shall be isolated and removed from service until contaminant identified and elements receive specialized cleaning Trained member shall be responsible for specialized cleaning •Fire Department shall provide a means for having ensemble elements cleaned and decontaminated – this can be a dedicated machine in a station, it can be a verified ISP, or whatever means the fire department deems appropriate. •The wearer will decide if an element needs just a routine cleaning or an advanced cleaning. • Elements suspected to have been contaminated by hazardous materials evaluated at the scene by members of the fire department trained to determine if elements need to be isolated, tagged, and bagged on scene. •Consult manufacturer of contaminant, as well as manufacturer of element for appropriate decontaminating agents and processes for specialized cleaning.

General Organizations must have written procedures detailing decontamination and cleaning processes for elements contaminated with body fluids. Universal precautions shall be observed by members handling elements known or suspected of contamination by body fluids. Soiled or contaminated elements shall not be brought home or washed in public laundries. Commercial dry cleaning shall not be used. Verified ISP shall demonstrate to organization that procedures do not compromise performance. •Soiled or contaminated elements shall not be brought home or washed in public laundries – unless laundry has dedicated business to handle protective elements •Commercial dry cleaning shall not be used, unless approved by element manufacturer. •In the 2007 edition, there was no provision for an ISP to be verified for cleaning, so any outside cleaner could be used if they followed the cleaning dictates of With 2014, outside cleaning can only be done by a verified ISP.

Routine Cleaning – Structural Garment Elements Routine cleaning is the responsibility of the end user Performed at the emergency scene if possible Elements isolated to avoid cross contamination Brush off dry debris Other debris should be gently rinsed off Where necessary, a soft bristle brush shall be used and garments thoroughly rinsed Where necessary, a utility sink shall be used Spot clean if necessary Routine cleaning does not need to be documented •Heavy scrubbing or spraying with high velocity water jets shall not be used. •When using a brush, gently scrub. •The majority of what fire fighters come into contact with can be removed at the scene just by rinsing immediately. This is especially true of trim; the middle band of the silver scotchlite can become faded or completely dissipated as a result of being exposed to common fire ground liquids. 3M, the manufacturers of the triple trim, advise that immediate rinsing of the garments will help eliminate or reduce the fading of the silver stripe. •When necessary a utility sink may be used. If the cleaning requires a washing machine, it becomes an Advanced Cleaning. •Spot cleaning can be accomplished using Liquid Spray & Wash; Liquid Tide; Liquid Shout or even mild liquid dishwashing detergent. Do not confuse dishwashing detergent with dishwasher detergent.

Routine Cleaning – Structural Garment Elements Procedure Pre-treat heavily soiled or spotted areas Water temperature shall not exceed 105°F Use mild detergent, with a pH factor between 6.0 and 10.5 Wear protective gloves and eye/splash protection Gently scrub with soft bristle brush Thoroughly rinse Inspect after cleaning and where necessary rewash or submit for Advanced Cleaning procedures Elements shall be dried in accordance with the standard •Routine cleaning is limited to spot cleaning. If entire garment needs to be cleaned, refer to Advanced Cleaning. •Washing machines shall not be used for routine cleaning. •pH factor must be not less than 6.0 or more than 10.5. •Liquid detergents are more water soluble than powders, which means they dissolve more easily in water. •Some common examples of liquid detergents are Liquid Tide, Liquid Wisk, or Liquid Cheer. •Inspect for the effectiveness of cleaning – is an advanced cleaning necessary?

Routine Cleaning – Proximity Garment Elements Routine cleaning is the responsibility of the end user Performed at the emergency scene if possible Aluminized outer shells shall not be cleaned with a brush or any other abrasive cleaning devices Routine cleaning does not need to be documented Procedure Brush off dry debris Spot clean as necessary with soft cloth •Aluminized outer shells should be cleaned as soon as possible following any type of contamination to avoid delamination. •Abrasive cleaning devices can also cause delamination by scratching the aluminized surface. •It is important to understand that you should never completely immerse an aluminized garment in water. •Spot cleaning can be accomplished using mild detergent having a pH factor of not less than 6.0 or more than 10.5. • Liquid detergents are more water soluble than powders, which means they dissolve more easily in water. •Some common examples of liquid detergents are Liquid Tide, Liquid Wisk or Liquid Cheer. •Do not spot clean with any compounds containing ammonia, chlorine or other oxidizing or abrasive agents. •The only mechanism allowed when cleaning proximity outer shells is a soft cloth or sponge. Do not use a brush or other abrasive cleaning devices. •Inspect to determine if garments are in need of additional cleaning.

Routine Cleaning – Footwear Elements Routine cleaning is the responsibility of the end user Performed at the emergency scene if possible Elements isolated to avoid cross contamination Brush off dry debris Other debris should be gently rinsed off Where necessary, a soft bristle brush shall be used and footwear thoroughly rinsed Spot clean if necessary Footwear elements should never be machine dried •Globe does not advocate the use of a bristle brush, unless it is extremely soft. Our recommendation would be to use a soft cloth instead. •If you must use even a soft brush, or when using a cloth, gently scrub. •Spot cleaning can be accomplished using a very mild liquid dishwashing detergent. Do not confuse dishwashing detergent with dishwasher detergent. •As with garment elements, routine cleaning of footwear does not need to be documented.

NFPA 1851 – EDITION Chapter 7 – CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION ADVANCED CLEANING Advanced cleaning of ensembles and ensemble elements shall be conducted by machine unless specifically prohibited. •This is an example of a Milnor washing machine. •Globe Manufacturing does not endorse any one machine over another. • We encourage each fire department to ensure that whichever machine they are considering comply with all of the requirements set forth in the cleaning section of NFPA 1851.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 –
ADVANCED CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION General Performed by a verified ISP, the garment manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, or a verified organization. Members of organization who have received training shall be responsible for performing, managing, or coordinating advanced cleaning or cleaning process. Element manufacturer or verified ISP and the organization shall determine level of training necessary and shall provide written verification of training. Verified organizations are permitted to determine level of training necessary to perform advanced cleaning without any further written verification. •Formerly the advanced cleaning was done by either a verified ISP or the organization's trained personnel. This did not change but the requirement is more clearly spelled out to include that the garment manufacturer can perform advanced cleaning without being verified, as can any other verified organization. •The standard now allows a verified ISP and the organization to decide the necessary level of training, without consulting the manufacturer. •In the 2014 revision, verified organizations can decide the level of training they feel is necessary to perform advanced cleaning without the need for any written verification. Again in this context, the reference to “written verification of training” should be understood to mean written documentation of training and is not to be confused with 3rd party verification.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 – General
ADVANCED CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION General Elements that are issued and used shall receive advanced cleaning at the time of advanced inspection if not subjected to advanced cleaning in the previous 12 months. Elements that are soiled shall receive advanced cleaning prior to reuse. Training shall be by the element manufacturer or verified ISP who will provide written verification of training. Organization shall refer to the manufacturer’s label information and User Guides. •It is expected that routine cleaning and inspection will result in much more frequent cleaning than every 12 months. This requirement is simply to ensure that all ensembles are laundered at least every 12 months as a minimum. •In addition to information on the label, NFPA 1971 requires that all manufacturers provide User Guides with each element. •In the absence of manufacturer's instructions, the standard directs the fire department to follow procedures in NFPA 1851. •Remember that the manufacturer’s instructions always take precedence over any requirements in the 1851 standard, unless specifically prohibited by this standard. Specific to cleaning, Globe’s instructions are in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 1851.

Advanced Cleaning – Structural Garments Procedure Front loading washing machines are preferable Machine shall not be overloaded Pre-treat heavily soiled or spotted areas Separate outer shells from liners and wash independently, turning liners inside out Remove DRD from coats and wash separately All closures shall be fastened •In general, outer shells will be much more soiled than the inner layers, so separating shells from liners will prevent redisposition of soil from the shell into the liner system. •1851 also requires that the liner systems be turned inside out so that the moisture barrier is on the inside. This will greatly reduce the drying time for the liner systems. •A DRD (Drag Rescue Device) is required in all coats produced to the 2007 edition of NFPA If coat is equipped with a DRD and the DRD is also in need of laundering, it should be placed in a separate mesh bag for washing and for drying. •Fasten all closures: Velcro becomes more frayed, will cause more damage, and becomes more contaminated from not closing during washing and drying than any other reason. Note that the annular tab on every Globe product produced after the 2007 has been designed so that the hook portion on the annular tab can be used to cover the loop portion sewn to the thermal liner. Zippers or Hooks & Dees left open can cause damage to the gear.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 - CLEANING AND DECONTAMINATION
Advanced Cleaning – Structural Garment Elements Procedure Water temperature shall not exceed 105°F Use mild detergent, with pH factor of 6.0 up to10.5 as indicated on MSDS or original product container Machine adjusted so that g-force doesn’t exceed 100g Follow machine manufacturer’s instructions for proper setting or program selection Inspect after cleaning and where necessary rewash Elements shall be dried in accordance with the standard •pH factor must be not less than 6.0 or more than 10.5 •Liquid detergents are more water soluble than powders, which means they dissolve more easily in water. •Some common examples of liquid detergents are Liquid Tide, Liquid Wisk or Liquid Cheer. •Cleaning and repair facilities have said that having too high of a g-force is one of the causes of deterioration to the thermal batts, resulting in thin spots in the liner system. •Note that the standard requires that the machine manufacturer’s instructions for proper setting or program selection be followed. •Inspect to determine if garments are in need of additional cleaning.

Advanced Cleaning – Proximity Garments Procedure Outer shell shall not be cleaned with a brush or other abrasive cleaning devices Clean by gently rubbing surface with soft cloth or sponge containing mild soap Rinse thoroughly Outer shell shall not be machine washed or dried Dry garment by hanging in well ventilated, shaded area •Gentex Corporation, the manufacturers of the aluminized outer shell does not recommend complete immersion in water under any conditions. Never machine wash. •Use mild detergent; pH factor must be not less than 6.0 or more than 10.5. •Liquid detergents are more water soluble than powders, which means they dissolve more easily in water. •Some common examples of liquid detergents are Liquid Tide, Liquid Wisk or Liquid Cheer. •The only mechanism allowed when cleaning proximity outer shells is a soft cloth. Machine washing will negatively impact the radiant reflective qualities of the aluminized outer shell. •Do not clean with any compounds containing ammonia, chlorine or other oxidizing or abrasive agents. •Inspect to determine if garments are in need of additional cleaning. •Use a fan to circulate air if necessary when drying.

Advanced Cleaning – Footwear Elements Procedure Footwear shall not be machine cleaned or dried using any mechanical action by tumbling or agitation If necessary, wash using utility sink to clean inner surfaces Water temperature shall not exceed 105°F Use mild liquid detergent, with a pH factor between 6.0 and 10.5 as dictated by MSDS or original product container Inspect after cleaning and where necessary rewash •Globe recommends that the best way to clean footwear is to wash the outside using a soft cloth. To clean the interior, it is permissible to use a utility sink; however, except in cases of extreme contamination, it should not be necessary to do this more than annually. •pH factor must be not less than 6.0 or more than 10.5. •Liquid detergents are more water soluble than powders, which means they dissolve more easily in water. •Some common examples of liquid detergents include Liquid Tide, Liquid Wisk or Liquid Cheer.

Drying Procedures – Garment Elements Follow manufacturer’s instructions Air Drying Dry in area with good ventilation Do NOT dry in direct sunlight Machine Drying Do not overload capacity of machine Fasten all closures Use “no heat” or “air dry only” option If heat must be used, basket temperature not to exceed 105°F •In the absence of manufacturer’s instructions, follow NFPA 1851. •The Globe label recommends air drying as the method least likely to cause problems. If the fire department has been trained and has appropriate equipment, machine drying is permissible. •Fasten all closures: Velcro becomes more frayed, will cause more damage, and becomes more contaminated from not closing during washing and drying than from any other reason while zippers or Hooks & Dees left open can cause damage to the gear. •Discontinue use of heat cycle prior to removal of all moisture from garments. •Drying at excessive temperatures can cause shrinkage in the gear, and be harmful to some types of trim. •Be sure gear is allowed to become completely dry before returning to service.

Drying Procedures – Footwear Elements Follow manufacturer’s instructions Air Drying Dry in area with good ventilation Do NOT dry in direct sunlight Do NOT tumble dry •Globe Footwear recommends air drying as the most effective way to dry footwear.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS Garment Repairs
Basic Garment Repairs Advanced Garment Repairs Helmet Repair Glove Repair Footwear Repair Hood, Helmet Cover & Proximity Shroud Repair •This is a list of items covered by the repair chapter. Note that the garment repair is further divided into Basic Garment Repairs and Advanced Garment Repairs. •As you might expect, there is much more detail on garment repairs and we will cover those in this presentation. •For information on cleaning, inspecting, and repairs of helmets, gloves, hoods, helmet covers, and proximity shrouds, the standard requires that you consult the manufacturer of that element, or an ISP to determine serviceability •Footwear will be covered in this presentation.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS GENERAL
All repairs performed by original manufacturer, or by a verified ISP or a member of the organization who has received training Training provided by an element manufacturer or by a verified ISP in the repair of ensembles Member(s) of the organization who have received training in repair shall be responsible for performing or managing repairs New information in the 2014 edition, again more for clarification as to who can do what. NEW: Training provided by AN element manufacturer, not THE manufacturer. This is to allow for training to be by only one manufacturer, not all. However, it may still be advantageous to the organization to consult with their own manufacturer. The big change, once again, is that there is no such thing as a non-verified ISP; in order to be an ISP in accordance with 1851, you must be verified.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS GENERAL (cont.)
Elements shall be subjected to advanced cleaning as necessary before any repair work All repairs done in like manner using like materials as original manufacturer, using NFPA compliant materials Element manufacturer shall be contacted if unsure of whether repair can be accomplished without adversely affecting integrity of element Replacement interface components installed in manner consistent with original manufacturer’s methods of construction New information in the 2014 edition, again more for clarification as to who can do what. All repairs done in like manner using like materials as original manufacturer, using NFPA compliant materials. While not new, this was written to allow for upgrades such as from a self material knee reinforcement to a certified Arashield or other NFPA compliant knee

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS
Basic and Advanced Repairs – Garments All repairs made using same manner as original manufacturer, with like materials and NFPA 1971 compliant components Repairs must be made to all components and layers that have been damaged, or affected by repair Repairs of minor tears, char marks, ember burns, and abraded areas limited to area covered by 160 cm² (25 in²) patch Finished edges of patch must extend 1” past damaged area Patch cannot have any raw edges •The garment repair chapter is set up so that some requirements are applicable to both basic and advanced repairs. •Like materials and compliant components include fabric, thread type, seam construction, hardware, and hardware backings, unless otherwise approved by the element manufacturer. This allows a fire department to replace self fabric knees with compliant leather knees, for example. •The standard sets very specific requirements for the allowable size of a patch, reasoning that anything larger will most likely require the expertise of the original manufacturer, or a verified ISP, or a verified fire department standard said repair area could not exceed 32cm² (5 in²)

Basic and Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) Where moisture barrier tears, holes, or abrasions are being repaired, a single width of seam tape shall be used and is required to extend at least 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) in all directions beyond the edge of the repaired damage. Where the moisture barrier has a hole or abrasion measuring more than 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter in any direction or a tear greater than 75 mm (3 in.) in length, a patch consisting of the same moisture barrier fabric shall be used for repair. •This is new text added to the 2014 edition

Basic and Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) Replacement hardware installed consistent with manufacturer’s method of construction When hardware is replaced, the reinforcement backing material shall be reinstalled, or replaced if no longer serviceable If the complexity of a repair is uncertain, the garment element manufacturer shall be consulted These are the same as 2008 requirements. However: this sentence is found in every requirement concerning repairs. “If complexity of repair is uncertain, whether it be Basic or Advanced, contact the manufacturer”

Basic and Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) Reflective trim being replaced must be removed and not just covered by additional visibility markings Repair cannot result in reduction of visibility marking Repair visibility markings cannot exceed 3” in length  Repair visibility markings shall extend 1” beyond damaged area A maximum of 2 patches per stripe is permitted •NFPA had adopted the term visibility marking to describe trim. •The trim area to be repaired cannot exceed 3”, with an additional 1” of trim on each side for a total of 5” replacement trim in an one spot. •No more than 2 repairs to a stripe of trim is allowable. The standard does not define a “stripe”, but generally speaking, we would say that the coat has one stripe around the bottom, one stripe on the front, one stripe on the back, and two stripes on each sleeve.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS Basic Repairs – Garments
All basic repairs shall be performed by element manufacturer, organization, manufacturer trained organization, verified organization, or verified ISPs. Basic repairs are limited to the following: Patching of minor tears, char marks, and ember burns to outer shell Repairing of broken stitches to shell Reclosing liner after inspection Replacement of missing hardware Excluding positive closures of separable shell •The list of who can do what has been clarified in the 2014 edition but the requirements for Basic Repairs have remained the same.

Advanced Repairs - Garments Advanced Repairs can only be made by original manufacturer, verified ISP, or verified organization Repairs to outer shell and moisture barrier must be performed consistent with manufacturer’s methods Repairs to thermal liners permitted provided there is no stitching through the moisture barrier Replacement of entire component layer can only be made by manufacturer or manufacturer’s designated verified ISP •The advanced repairs can only be made by a verified ISP or a verified Organization, which requires third party testing and verification, •Remember that manufacturer’s instructions will take precedence over requirements of this standard, except in the case of verification which a manufacturer cannot override

Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) Restitching more than 25 mm (1 “) continuous of a Major A outer shell seam requires consulting the manufacturer Restitching more than 25 mm (1 “) continuous of a Major B thermal liner seam requires consulting the manufacturer Repairs to moisture barrier seams requires consulting the garment element manufacturer and must be done in a manner consistent with barrier manufacturer’s methods Restitching of seams shall be conducted in a manner consistent with the garment element manufacturer’s methods Repairs to moisture barrier seams requires consulting the garment element manufacturer and must be done in a manner consistent with barrier manufacturers methods

Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) All repaired stress areas shall be reinforced in a manner consistent with manufacturer’s methods If replacing trim necessitates sewing into a Major A shell seam, trim replacement shall be conducted in a manner consistent with the manufacturer’s methods Replacement zippers shall be installed in a manner consistent with the manufacturer’s method of construction Remember that zippers and hook and loop tape now have specific requirements in the 2013 edition of NFPA 1971

Advanced Repairs – Garments (cont.) Replacement reinforcement materials shall be installed in a manner consistent with the manufacturer’s method of construction Replacement hook and loop fastener tape shall be installed in a manner consistent with the manufacturer’s method of construction If the complexity of a repair is uncertain, the garment element manufacturer shall be consulted

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS Footwear Element Repairs
All repairs to footwear components shall be performed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions The standard allows for replacement of bootlaces and zippers, but all replacement bootlaces and zippers must be provided by the footwear manufacturer Any other repairs must be performed by the manufacturer or by its designated ISP •Globe offers replacement bootlaces and a replacement zipper kit. •If unsure of the complexity of a zipper repair, contact Globe Customer Service to inquire. •Globe Footgear does not currently have any designated ISP’s for boot repair.

Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions
NFPA 1851 – EDITION Chapter 8 – REPAIRS Chapter Helmet Repair Chapter Glove Repair Chapter Hood and Proximity Shroud Repair Chapter CBRN Repairs Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions •In section 8.9, the standard is dealing with repairs to garments that offer CBRN protection, not repairs to garments that have been in a CBRN incident. •Garments that have been involved in CBRN situations are to be immediately retired in such a manner so as to ensure they cannot be returned to service in any fashion. •If you are dealing with any repairs to a garment that offers CBRN protection, contact the specific manufacturer for exact instructions.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 9 – STORAGE
Do not store in direct sunlight Avoid long term exposure to UV producing lights Stored elements are to be clean and dry Storage area shall be clean, dry, and well ventilated Do not store in temperatures below -25°F or above 180°F •This is a list of do’s and don’ts for storage and they have not changed with the 2014 edition. •As illustrated in the inspection slides, any light regardless of the source, is to be avoided. Even overhead lights can cause fabrics to become discolored and although not nearly as harmful as sunlight, any direct, constant light source is not good for storage. •Any fabrics, including those used in protective garments, can become mildewed and moldy if stored wet. •The minus 25°F temperature is derived from NFPA 1971 for a cold performance parameter; some adhesives could lose their integrity at temperatures in excess of 180°F. •Most fire fighters store their gear hanging on open racks. Be sure this is not in an area that receives direct sunlight, even if only for part of the day. •Store proximity gear by hanging to limit the damage caused by creasing; do not store folded.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 9 – STORAGE (cont.)
Do not store in compartments or trunks (vehicles) unless protected Do not store in airtight containers unless new and unissued Do not store in contact with oils, solvents, acids, alkalis, or other contaminants Soiled or contaminated elements shall not be stored in: Personal lockers Living quarters Transported in passenger compartments of vehicles •One of the worse causes of UV degradation is storing your bunker gear in a vehicle where it is exposed to constant sun through the windows. •Gear stored wet or soiled in airtight containers can support the growth of mold and mildew. •Not storing gear in personal lockers or in living quarters is part of the protecting the public requirement found in Chapter Four.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 10 – RETIREMENT
The Organization shall develop specific criteria for the removal of elements from service Elements that are worn, damaged, or contaminated to the extent that the Organization deems not possible or cost effective to repair should be retired If any element is exposed to CBRN agents, it must be retired immediately •The standard also says that ensemble elements that were not in compliance with the appropriate standard at the time they were manufactured shall be retired. •In other words, you can only follow NFPA 1851 if all of your elements are labeled as meeting the appropriate NFPA standard in effect when the element was manufactured.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 10 – RETIREMENT (cont.)
Structural fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements shall be retired in accordance with or [of this standard] no more than 10 years from the date the ensembles or ensemble elements were manufactured. •This requirement was once again thoroughly debated and it was the fire fighters on the committees who supported and fought for this requirement. Their reasoning was that budgetary concerns should not be allowed to provide some fire fighters with substandard gear; that all fire fighters deserved to have the best possible protection. •The only change in text was to add references ( and ) to how retired gear should be disposed of and this is discussed in more detail in later slides. •There were no exceptions to any of the ensemble elements, so this requirement is applicable to hoods, helmets, coats, pants, gloves, and footwear. •The biggest concern with the 10 years seems to be helmets, and the 10 year requirements was debated all the way up to the annual NFPA meeting. • In the 2008 edition of the standard, the Technical Committee inserted language into the Annex explaining that the actual service life of ensemble elements varies depending upon the amount of use and the care they receive. In many cases, an element will need to be retired sooner than the five or ten years mandated by the standard.

Proximity fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements shall be retired in accordance with or [of this standard] no more than 10 years from the date the ensembles or ensemble elements were manufactured. In all cases, the radiant reflective outer shell shall be replaced at a maximum of 5 years. •With regard to proximity gear, also known as “silvers”, note that the outer shells must be retired 5 years after the date of manufacture. This is because the aluminized material is simply not as durable as the structural shell fabrics. However, liners from proximity clothing are still allowed to remain in service for ten years. •The only change in text was to add references ( and ) to how retired gear should be disposed of and this is discussed in more detail in the next two slides.

Disposition of Retired Elements Retired structural fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements and proximity fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements shall be destroyed or disposed of in a manner ensuring that they will not be used in any fire fighting or emergency activities involving live fire fighting. •The standard defines “serviceable” as ensemble elements that are not contaminated, defective, or damaged. •This slide did not change; it was only that the mandatory retirement was rewritten to refer to this requirement for disposal of retired elements.

Disposition of Retired Elements Retired structural fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements and proximity fire fighting ensembles and ensemble elements as determined in shall be permitted to be used as follows: (1) For training that does not involve live fire, provided the ensembles and ensemble elements are appropriately marked as being for non-live fire training only (2) As determined by the organization •This requirement also did not change.

Sample Calculator For Turnout Gear Repair Limits
Amount of Original Amount Year of Year-of-Service Cost ($1,000.00) Allowed Service End Date for Repair per Set 1st year 01/11/05 70% $ nd year 01/11/04 50% $ rd year 01/11/03 40% $ th year 01/11/02 25% $ th year 01/11/01 20% $ th year 01/11/00 15% $ th year 01/11/99 10% $ th year 01/11/98 5% $ th year 01/11/97 5% $ th year 01/11/96 0% $ 0.00 •This chart is found in the Annex of the standard and is intended to provide some guidance of when a fire department might want to decide to replace, rather than repair ensemble elements and did not change from the 2008 edition (not even the dates!) •Since it is an Annex item, it is only for informational purposes and not a requirement of the standard. •Note that the actual dollar values provided in the chart are based on the assumption that the set of gear originally cost $1, per set. The dollar amounts will change depending upon the actual price of the gear, but the percentages remain constant. For example, if the set of gear cost $ , then after the second year in service, the amount allowed per set would raise to $ based upon the 50% allowed.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 11 – VERIFICATION
Verification of the organization or ISP shall include advanced inspection, advanced cleaning, and advanced repairs of garment elements only. Verification of the organization or ISP shall not apply to helmet elements, glove elements, footwear elements, hood elements, or optional CBRN ensembles. •Verification takes the place of the manufacturer recognized repair facilities, and allows anyone who wishes to undergo the third-party testing to do so. •Verification offers the fire service a large range of choices, since it is not manufacturer dependent. •Verification does not apply to helmets, gloves, footwear, hoods or optional CBRN ensembles. •Verification includes independent testing of seams, patches and other repairs. •Verification also requires a Quality Management System, including a Quality Manual.

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 11 – VERIFICATION (cont).
An organization or ISP shall be permitted to be verified for advanced cleaning and advanced inspection only. Where an organization or ISP is verified for conducting repairs, the organization or ISP MUST also be verified for advanced cleaning and advanced inspection. •A fire department must become a verified ISP if they wish to perform Advanced Repairs. NEW: Note that you can be verified for only cleaning and inspection, but if you are doing repairs you must also be verified for cleaning and inspection. .

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 11 – VERIFICATION (cont.)
The verified organization or ISP shall be listed, and the listing must include the advanced cleaning, advanced inspection, and/or the repair categories the organization or ISP is verified to conduct. If the certification listing includes the moisture barrier repair category, the listing must also include the moisture barrier manufacturer and trade name designation. •Verification agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories or Intertek are required to have a listing service where they publish lists of companies who have been verified as meeting the requirements of the standard. This list is generally published on the Internet and includes repair categories such as garment outer shell repairs, garment moisture barrier repairs, and garment thermal barrier repairs. New: Where the certification listing includes the moisture barrier repair category, the listing shall include the moisture barrier manufacturer and trade name designation. •Verification includes independent testing of seams, patches and other repairs. •Verification also requires a Quality Management System, including a Quality Manual. •Verification offers the fire service a large range of choices, since it is not manufacturer dependent. •A fire department can become a verified ISP if they wish to perform Advanced Repairs. •Verification does not apply to helmets, gloves, footwear, hoods or optional CBRN ensembles.

All verification must be performed by a certification organization that meets specific requirements in the standard. Certification agencies must be accredited for personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with ISO Guide 65, General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems. The accreditation shall be issued by an accreditation body operating in accordance with ISO 17011, Conformity assessment – General requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies. These are not new requirements. Specific requirements that are spelled out in the standard include: 1) The certification organization shall not be owned or controlled by the organization or the ISP being verified. 2)The certification organization shall be primarily engaged in certification work and shall not have a monetary interest in the organization’s or ISP’s ultimate profitability. 3) The certification organization shall refuse to verify services to this standard that do not comply with all requirements of this standard. 4)The contractual provisions between the certification organization and the organization/ ISP shall specify that verification is contingent on compliance with all applicable requirements of this standard. 5) The certification organization shall not offer or confer any conditional or temporary verification. 6)The certification organization shall have laboratory facilities and equipment available for conducting proper tests to determine organization or ISP compliance. 7)The certification organization’s laboratory facilities shall have a program in place and functioning for calibration of all instruments, and procedures shall be in use to ensure proper control of all testing. The laboratory facilities shall follow good practice regarding the use of laboratory manuals, form data sheets, documented calibration and calibration routines, performance verification, proficiency testing, and staff qualification and training programs. 8)The certification organization shall require the organization or the ISP to establish and maintain a quality management program, which is also spelled out in standard. 9)The certification organization and the organization or ISP shall evaluate any changes affecting function of the compliant services to determine continued certification. 10)The certification organization shall have a follow-up inspection program of the verified org/ISP’s facilities of compliant services with at least 1 random & unannounced visit annually. 11) The certification organization shall be permitted to conduct specific testing to verify continued compliance. 12)The certification organization’s operating procedures shall provide a mechanism for the organization or the ISP to appeal decisions. 13)The certification organization shall be in a position to use legal means to protect the integrity of its name. The name shall be registered and legally defended. The certification organization shall be permitted to conduct specific testing to verify continued compliance. .

For verification of the organization’s or ISP’s services, the certification organization shall conduct both inspection and testing as specified in this standard. For verification of advanced cleaning services, the certification organization must evaluate the organization’s or ISP’s procedures in accordance with this standard. For verification of advanced inspection services, the certification organization must evaluate the organization’s or ISP’s procedures in accordance with this standard. This is all new since it pertains to verification for advanced cleaning and inspection as well as testing. For verification of the organization’s or ISP’s services, the certification organization shall conduct both inspection and testing as specified in this section. For verification of advanced cleaning services, the certification organization shall evaluate the organization’s or ISP’s procedures in accordance with this standard.  For verification of advanced inspection services, the certification organization shall evaluate the organization’s or ISP’s procedures in accordance with this standard.

Testing for garment repair includes sample seams from the outer shell, the thermal liner, and the moisture barrier, as applicable to the level of verification the organization or ISP is seeking. Verification of advanced cleaning and advanced inspection includes evaluation and verification of the process documentation. The verified organization or ISP must document its policy and objectives for quality, and must ensure that this policy is understood, implemented, and maintained. The standard specifies exact sizes and types of seams that must be submitted for certification. Verification of advanced cleaning and advanced inspection includes evaluation and verification of the process documentation by the certification agency.

The organization or ISP must designate a person who has defined authority and responsibility for quality assurance. The quality system shall be maintained under the responsibility of the same person. The certification organization must be notified if the verified organization or ISP changes the designated person. NEW: The certification organization must be notified if the verified organization or ISP changes the designated person.

There shall be a Quality Manual, which shall contain at least the following information:  General information  Management statement on the policy on, objectives for, and commitment to quality  Management statement naming a person responsible for quality  Description of the organization’s areas of activity and competence  Organization chart(s) General information includes name, addresses, phone numbers, and legal status

Additional Quality Manual requirements:  Relevant job descriptions  Policy statement on qualification and training of personnel  Procedures for control of documents  Procedures for internal audits  Procedures for feedback and corrective action  Procedures for management review of the quality system  Distribution list for the Quality Manual  Work instructions or process manuals  Procedure for handling returns and complaints

NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 12 – TEST PROCEDURES
Light Evaluation Of Liners Special light used Leakage Evaluation “Bucket Test” Water Penetration Barrier Evaluation Hydrostatic tester •None of these tests are new and each of them were covered in the Inspection Chapter. The one change is to the Light Test and that is that to further investigate a suspected area of shifting or migration, a complete liner inspection shall be performed; in the 2008 edition, an advanced inspection was performed to check suspect area. All three of these tests are included as attachments to this program.

THE END NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! You have completed Globe’s Advanced Cleaning and Inspection Training. We appreciate your continued interest in our products.

NFPA 1851 Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective

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NFPA 1851 Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective

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