1. A Geographic Data Model for Representing Ground Water Systems
Paper by G. Strassberg, D.R, Maidment, N.L Jones Ground Water, 45(4):
Presented by David Hamilton Richardson, Environmental Studies, GEOG 370, Feb

2. Representing Ground Water Systems
Problem: Standardized GIS data sets and systematic descriptions simply do not exist for the subsurface.
Hypothesis: With advances in technology and GIS becoming standard practice, a standardized model can be created for describing the subsurface can be created.

3. Method
Expanded on an earlier version of ArcHydro that was designed for showing surface water systems.
Allowes for spatial vector objects such as points, lines, and polygons.
Represents common data sets such as aquifer units from aquifer maps, and well-related data such as stratigraphy, water levels and water quality samples commonly stored in ground water databases.

4. Results
Successfully provides data structures for representing 2D and 3D hydrogeologic features such as aquifers and wells and objects for storing tabular or gridded temporal information such as water levels and water quality measurements.
Can be implemented in many different GIS packages but was designed with object classes from ArcGIS

5. Figures
Figure 3. Objects representing a 3D geospatial context. Boundary represents the horizontal extent of an area of interest, GeoRasters represent gridded surfaces such as a digital elevation model, and GeoVolume represents a volume within the subsurface.
Image courtesy of: (

6. Conclusions
Above the surface work on standardizing GIS data sets has been going on for quite some time and this model fills a glaring hole by offering a way to describe subsurface information
Criticism: The technology for analyzing 3D spatial analysis in GIS is still somewhat weak, putting a greater emphasis on 2D.