1. Ions and the Octet Rule

2. e–’s in highest energy level
Valence Electrons:
e–’s in highest energy level
Unit digit of Group # =
Valence #
(for Main Group)
determine chemical properties
involved in bonding
2s2 2p5
2s2 2p6
2s1
2s2
3-lithium (Li)
4-beryllium (Be)
9-fluorine (F)
10-neon (Ne)
3s2 3p5
3s2 3p6
3s1
3s2
11-sodium (Na)
12-magnesium (Mg)
17-chlorine (Cl)
18-argon (Ar)

3. Ne Lewis dot diagram: valence e–’s as dots The Octet Rule 1 2 13 14 1516 17 18 Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
lose e–’s
gain e–’s
Lewis dot diagram:
valence e–’s as dots
The Octet Rule
atoms form bonds to have 8 valence e–
full outer level
like noble gases Ne

4. Ions Metals form (+) ions: e–’s lost for octet positive cations
Nonmetals form (–) ions:
e–’s gained for octet
negative anions

5. Oxidation State or Oxidation Charge or Oxidation Number or Valence or Valence Charge (for an ion): a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative) by an atom of that element in the compound. * Number of Valence electrons, though, is literally the number of valence electrons.

6. Na [Na]+ Mg [Mg]2+ Al [Al]3+ Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 (3A)
1+ charged ions Na
[Na]+
Group 2
2+ charged ions Mg
[Mg]2+
Cations of Group 1A elements have a charge of 1+. Cations of Group 2A elements have a charge of 2+.
Group 13 (3A)
3+ charged ions Al
[Al]3+
cations have same name as atoms

7. 1+ 2+ 3+

8. – F F 2– O O 3– N N Group 17 (7A) anions names end in -ide
1– charged ions
anions names end in -ide – F F
Group 16 (6A)
2– charged ions 2– O O
Group 15 (5A)
3– charged ions
Atoms of nonmetals and metalloids form anions by gaining enough valence electrons to attain the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Interpreting Diagrams In which group of the periodic table do the elements bromine and iodine belong? 3– N N

9. – Cl
Lewis dot diagrams
[Na]+
AlCl3

10. Can have multiple possible oxidation states but (super mostly)1+ 2+ 3+ 3– 2– 1–
transition
metals
Can have multiple possible oxidation states but (super mostly)
always +

11. Write the names and symbols for the following ions: (remember the charges)
Iodine gains __ e– to form ____
Calcium loses __ e– to form ____
Sulfur ______ __ e– to form ____
Potassium ______ __ e– to form ____ 1 I– 2
Ca2+
gains 2
S2–
loses 1 K+

12. 1. How does oxygen display the octet rule when forming an ion?
Quick Quiz!
1. How does oxygen display the octet rule when forming an ion?
loses 2 e–’s for a –2 charged anion
loses 6 e–’s for a +6 charged cation
gains 2 e–’s for a –2 charged anion
gains 2 e–’s for a +2 charged cation

13. Quick Quiz.
2. Atoms that tend to gain a noble gas electron configuration by losing valence electrons are…
metals
nonmetals
halogens
anions

14. 3. When a bromine atom forms an anion, it does so by…
Quick Quiz.
3. When a bromine atom forms an anion, it does so by…
losing two electrons.
gaining two electrons.
losing one electron.
gaining one electron

15. Quick Quiz.
4. Write the name and the symbol of the ion formed from a nitrogen atom.
nitrogen ion, N3+
nitride, N–
nitride, N3–
nitrogen ion, N5–