1. Periodization and China

2. Rice is a primary food crop in East/South Asia
Asia produces 90%
Planted in flooded fields called “paddies”
Need heavy rainfall

3. China XIA DYNASTY c. 2000 – 1700 B.C.E.
Supposedly founded by Yu the Great
Based on legend – may not have existed

4. Shang Dynasty Bronze Age 1st recorded Chinese dynasty
( B.C.E.)
Bronze Age
1st recorded Chinese dynasty
Founded on the bend of the Huang He
1st Chinese cities
Already using the wheel for chariots
Consulted oracle bones

5. Zhou Dynasty Founded by Wu Located near Wei He
( B.C.E.)
Founded by Wu
Located near Wei He
Leaders ruled through the Mandate of Heaven
Feudal States
Written language develops
Porcelain, Silk Industry

6. Zhou Dynasty Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) Family was poor nobility
From a poor noble family
Confucius was an exceptional student who later became a teacher and a government official.
Zhou Dynasty
( B.C.E.)
Family was poor nobility
Exceptional student
Teacher
Government civil servant
Confucius

7. Confucius Never kiss a fool, or be fooled by a kiss.
Continued
Never kiss a fool, or be fooled by a kiss.
The gentleman agrees with others without being an echo. The small man echoes without being in agreement. Analects 15.30
If one is guided by profits in one’s actions, one will incur much ill will. Analects 14.24
Do not worry because you have no position. Worry about your qualifications. Do not worry because no one appreciates your abilities. Seek to be worthy of appreciation. Analects 4.14
What the gentleman demands is something of himself. What the petty man demands is something of others.
Anyone learning without thought is lost, anyone thinking but not learning is in peril.

8. Emperor Qin Shihuangdi
Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty
( B.C.E.)
Iron Age
Ch’in = country’s name
Terra Cotta Army
Emperor Qin Shihuangdi
United China
1st emperor
Brutal leader = Legalist
Centralized Government
Writing (Mandarin)
Weights and Measures standardized
Great Wall

9. Han Dynasty Liu Bang started the Han dynasty
206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang started the Han dynasty
Han = main ethnic group today
Wudi enlarged empire; centralized government; created Civil Service
Confucianism = State philosophy
Civil Service examination & school required
Traded with the Romans indirectly via the Silk Road.

10. Han Dynasty Population tripled Mandarin = common written language
Buddhism brought by missionaries
Economy flourished
Linked cities with inland canals & roads
Han Dynasty
continued
Controlled the eastern end of the Silk Road
Built roads and defensive walls
Repelled Xiongnu (Mongolian nomads from the North)

11. Inventions Han Dynasty Earthquake detector Rudder Paper Collar harness
continued
Earthquake detector
Rudder
Paper
Collar harness
Watermill
Compass

12. Han Dynasty Han Collapse The Han Empire crumbled due to:
continued
Han Collapse
The Han Empire crumbled due to:
economic downfall
too much territorial expansion
nomadic invasions
conflict over dynastic succession
** Next 300 years, China was racked by Civil Wars
Wang Zhaojun

13. Sui Dynasty Grand Canal Ended the Post-Han chaos
C.E.
Sui Dynasty
Ended the Post-Han chaos
2nd Emperor = Sui Yangdi
Cruel, extravagant
Raised taxes to build the Grand Canal
Murdered
Ended Sui Dynasty
Grand Canal
linked the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and the Huang He (Yellow) River
Connected North/South

14. Tong Dynasty "Golden Age" Restored Civil Service Gave peasants land
Controlled Tibet
Expanded boundaries
Trade Flourished
Neo-Confucianism grew as a response to Buddhism
Age of Poetry
Woodblock printing

15. Empress Wu Zhao
C.E.
Accused the empress of murdering her child
635: Emperor died
Empress Wu was supreme
Ruthless but capable leader
Allied with Korea
Lowered taxes

16. Song Dynasty 907-960 = Civil Wars Trade and Agriculture Flourished
C.E.
Song Dynasty
= Civil Wars
Trade and Agriculture Flourished
Silk Road revived
Large bureaucracy
Civil Service Exam System was revived
“Soong”
Lost control of Tibet
Constantly defending borders against Mongols
Moved capital to Hangzhou

17. Song Dynasty Arts & Literature Flourished Tri-colored porcelain
Continued
Arts & Literature Flourished
Tri-colored porcelain
Movable type - print 1000s of scripts quickly
Song Dynasty
Invented:
Steel
Gunpowder
Fire Lance
Cotton
Acupuncture

18. Social Classes Culture Scholar-gentry Landowners Peasants
Brides’ family paid a dowry
Neo-Confucianism
response to Buddhism & Daoism
stressed active participation
shaped society and government
Buddhism – spread by missionaries
Civil Service Exam

19. (Mongols) Yuan Dynasty 1279: Kublai Khan conquered China
Yuan Dynasty
(Mongols)
1279: Kublai Khan conquered China
Moved the capital to Khanbaliq = Beijing
Great Wealth, Prosperity, & Stability
Spread Chinese Culture & Islam throughout their empire

20. Yuan Dynasty Buddhism = the state religion for awhile
continued
Yuan Dynasty
Buddhism = the state religion for awhile
Mongols kept separate = staffed bureaucracy with Mongols
Causes of Collapse:
Foreign conquests too costly
Government corruption
Political instability
Overthrown= Ming Dynasty created

21. Genghis Khan Real name = Temujin (Teh-MOO-juhn)
1206 – elected Genghis Khan = “strong ruler”
Built the largest land empire in history
Death prevented his conquest of Europe
Broke enormous kingdom into khanates
c C.E.

22.
2nd Largest empire in World History

23. Mongols Superb horsemen Covered 120 miles a day
Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty
Invented the stirrup
Ride and shoot arrows
Greatly feared
“Barbaric”

24. Marco Polo 1271 – traveled across Central Asia to China
– diplomat for Kublai Khan
1298 – Imprisoned
Dictated journals
“Il Milione” = “Man with a million stories”

25. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Established by Emperor Hongwu
Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule
Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor
Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty
- Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce government policies
Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—not friends or social standing

26. Ming Dynasty China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period
continued
Ming Dynasty
China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period
Response to previous Mongol invasions
Successfully protected China from outside invaders
The only time that invaders got beyond the wall and invaded was when China was experiencing internal problems

27. continued
Ming Dynasty
Economy
Increased commercial activity + population increase led to economic expansion
New food groups from the Americas (maize & peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation
Increased food = population increase
Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus
Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain
The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries
Demanded tribute from surrounding states

28. Columbian Exchange Began during the Ming Dynasty
European conquest of the new world brought changes on all sides
Movement of goods and ideas from each side is called the Columbian Exchange
3 most important crops to Asia:
Maize
Sweet Potatoes
Peanuts
New crops improved diet and increased populations worldwide

29. Economy
Ming Dynasty
continued
Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade expanded
European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in China’s main port cities
Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power

30. Between , China launched huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and beyond
Enormous fleets
huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men
brought back unimaginable wealth to China

31. Admiral Zheng He commanded the fleets
Muslim from western China
Well suited to deal with Muslims on southeast Asian trade routes
resented by Confucian bureaucrats

32. Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast
Established tributary relationships
Technologically advanced fleets and armies could face any adversary
Traded porcelain and silk from China
Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included exotic African animals that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo
Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

34. Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships
Europeans were no match for Chinese ships
Chinese ships = 440 feet; Columbus’ ship = 75 feet

35. China canceled the fleets in 1433
The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He
Feared Mongolian attacks from the north
Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture
The government destroyed his nautical charts
Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair
China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally cleared the way for European expansion and domination of world trade

36. ‘s Collapse Inept Rulers
Emperors isolated themselves in the Forbidden City with their luxuries
Ignored the people’s hardships = starvation, cold weather (crop failures), and inability to pay taxes
= Massive peasant revolt
1644, a rebel army under Li Zicheng captured Beijing
Emperor Chongzhen hung himself = end of the Ming Dynasty

37. Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 Peasant revolts were short-lived
Manchus from northeastern China (Manchuria) attacked
Manchus were less than 5% Chinese population

38. Qing Dynasty
Gunpowder empire = an empire who uses firearms to conquer territories and maintain control; mastery of naval and land-based siege cannons were particularly effective
Qing used cannons effectively against the Mongols
Marked the end of any serious nomadic threat on the inner Asian frontiers

39. Qing Dynasty Strong Military leaders Ruled under the Mandate of Heaven
Empire stretched from Manchuria to the island of Formosa (Taiwan)
Controlled Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and much of Central Asia
Negotiated an acceptable boundary with Russia

40. Qing Dynasty Economics Full-scale trade with Europeans
Qing maintained a regulation of foreign trade
Limited trade to only 1 city = Guangzhou (Canton)
Important Chinese exports = tea, silk, & porcelain
Few imports were allowed = highly favorable balance of trade

41. Qing Dynasty The Opium Wars
Europeans had stronger navies, better weapons, and more effective armies
1700’s, the Chinese were using opium on a small scale
1820’s, the British East India Company began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India
Opium became very popular in China

42. The Opium War
Fought
Began because the Qing Dynasty Ruler decided not to permit the illegal trade of opium to continue in China
Sent a letter to Queen Victoria declaring the seizure of opium
Great Britain attacked China and fought for three years over the ability to trade opium
Great Britian won, and ended China’s isolation period
What is Opium?
Opium is a narcotic and can be used to make heroin.

43. The Taiping Rebellion Fought 1850-1864 Massive Civil War in China
Qing Dynasty versus Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Between 20 and 30 million Chinese died during this war
Began as the leader Hong Xiuquan formed his own army and took over a portion of China
tried to institute several social reforms
Strict separation of the sexes and the abolition of foot binding
land socialization and the "suppression" of private trade
Tried to make Christianity the dominant religion
The Qing Dynasty finally put down the Rebellion with the help of the British and the French
This rebellion was seen as heroic by Mao Zedong against a corrupt feudal system

44. Background to Sino-Japenese War takes place in Japan
Emperor Meiji of Japan invited the United States to help modernize the country
Meiji Restoration 1868
Industrialization takes place in Japan, bringing in steam engines, trains, telegraphs to Japan
The army was modernized with guns, such as the Gatling gun.
Japan entered the Modern Era

45. Sino- Japanese War
Fought between Meiji Japan and Qing Dynasty of China over Korea between
Demonstrated the power and success of the modernization of Japan
Weakened the Qing Dynasty even further and showed a decline of Chinese classical tradition

46. America’s Open Door Policy
Not to be outdone by the Europeans, the United States created its own Chinese foreign policy. (1899)
Open Door Policy
China would now be “open” to any trading and colonizing ventures, not just Europe.

47. Eight Nation Alliance:
The Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Soldiers
Violent anti-Christian and anti-Westerners movement
Marched on the embassies in Beijing
Put down by the Eight Nation Alliance
Reparations forced the Qing Dynasty to pay money to the Eight Nation Alliance
Eight Nation Alliance:
Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

48. China Revolution
China was weakened by the foreign intervention and rebellions within its own wall.
All of this helped to set off the Chinese Revolution in 1911.

49. The Collapse of the old order
China Revolution
The Collapse of the old order
The Manchu government collapsed under both internal and external pressures
Example:
The Opium War, external pressure
The Taiping revolution, internal pressure.
The Boxer rebellion: internal pressure and external when foreign armies helped crush the Manchu dynasty.

50. China The 1911 Revolution New Chinese Republic Sun Yixian
After Boxer defeat, Qing officials began to enact reforms
Eliminated system of examinations for officials
Tried to establish primary, secondary schools
Took steps to create national army
Created elected provincial assemblies
Reforms too little, too late
Radicals in Japan, U.S. called for overthrow of Qing dynasty, creation of new Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian, known in West as Sun Yat-sen, most prominent of radicals
New Chinese Republic
Based revolutionary ideology on three basic principles—nationalism, democracy, “people’s livelihood”
Last of these involved equality in land ownership, often translated as socialism
Sun Yixian

51. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
China Revolution
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
Sun believed China should eventually become a democracy.
Thought Chinese people not ready yet
Called for overthrow of Qing dynasty, replacement by ruling nationalist party
Wanted party to act as guardian of Chinese people until they were ready for democracy

52. China Revolutionary Ideas Revolutionaries End of Qing Dynasty
Other people in China began to call for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.
Revolutionary ideas took root among intellectuals, junior officers in military academies
October 1911, group of young officers led revolt in city of Wuchang
Support for revolt grew rapidly
January 1912, revolutionaries declared a republic
Revolutionaries
Qing wanted General Yuan Shikai to quash rebellion
Negotiated peace instead
Convinced Chinese emperor to abdicate. Emperor was 6.
Event brought end to 268-year rule of Qing dynasty
Yuan Shikai became first president of new Republic of China
End of Qing Dynasty

53. China
Civil War
China’s Civil War was put on hold in the 1930s when Japan invaded the country and began a campaign to rule the country and drain it of resources.
The two Chinese factions: The side which wanted a democracy and the side which wanted a Communist rule put their own fight on hold to fight the Japanese.
Once the Japanese were defeated at the end of WWII, the Chinese civil war began again. Winners: The Communists, led by Mao Zedung -1949

54. China
Civil War
Mao Zedung establishes Communism in China and remains in power until his death in 1976.