1. التجربة الفدرالية في نيجيريا
Réèpúblikk Naìjírìà Republik Nijeriya جمهورية نيجيريا Republic nde Naigeria Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya Federal Republic of Nigeria
التجربة الفدرالية في نيجيريا
قضايا مختارة

2. مخطط عام ملاحظات تمهيدية قضايا مختارة أفكار ختامية
الولايات والحكومات المحلية في جمهورية نيجيريا الفدرالية
الوحدة والتعددية
مشاركة السلطة في المركز
توزيع السلطات بين مستويي الحكم
النفط والغاز في مضمون الفدرالية المالية
أفكار ختامية

3. ملاحظات تمهيدية

4. نيجيريا والعراق: مقارنة وجيزة
تاريخ من الاستعمار البريطاني
فترة من التاريخ السياسي المضطرب في أعقاب الاستقلال
غنية بالنفط والغاز
تتميز بالتعددية الإثنية، والدينية، والثقافية والجغرافية
خاضت تجربة حرب انفصالية وفترات من الحرب الأهلية
تاريخ من الاستعمار البريطاني
فترة من التاريخ السياسي المضطرب في أعقاب الاستقلال
غنية بالنفط والغاز
تتميز بالتعددية الإثنية، والدينية، والثقافية والجغرافية
خاضت تجربة تمرد مسلح، ونزاعات بين الدول وعنف داخلي على نطاق واسع

5. لماذا وكيف: التبرير المنطقي للفدرالية النيجيرية
ثلاثة عوامل من مكونات الكثرة تتنافس مع بعضها البعض: الكثرة من المناطق الاقتصادية والجغرافية، الكثرة من القوميات الإثنية، والكثرة من تقاليد الإدارة من العهد الاستعماري.
بلد هائل المساحة كيلومتر مربع
يضم العديد من المجموعات الإثنية
مع تاريخ من الإدارات المستقلة خلال الفترة الاستعمارية
مستعمرة لاغوس
مستعمرة تابعة للتاج البريطاني لديها مجلس تشريعي ونظام قضائي على النمط الانجليزي
مستعمرة ومحمية جنوب نيجيريا
العلاقات الخارجية يديرها البريطانيون؛ الإدارة المحلية تتولى الحفاظ على الأمن والنظام
محمية شمال نيجيريا
حكم غير مباشر، عمل على تهيئة وإعداد حكام محافظين إلى حد كبير
هذا كله أدى إلى تغذية المنافسات/الخلافات بين المناطق المختلفة
The largest country in Africa. 913,072 square kilometers, measuring at its widest (west to east) 1,120 kilometers and at its longest (south to north) 1,040 kilometers. Very populous, 120 million
People usually distinguish between the three major ethnic groups (Hausa-Fulani, Igbos, and Yorubas) and the "minority" ethnic groups of unspecified number. 250 language groups have been repertoried
In 1862, the British establish the Crown colony of Lagos. From 1862 to 1897, they assert control over the Yoruba interior that they administer as a protectorate. In 1897, they bring Lagos and the Yorubalands under a common administration, the Lagos colony and protectorate.
In 1885, they establish control over the Bight of Biafra. It becomes the protectorate of the Niger Coast in 1893 and then the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
In 1888, the Royal Niger Company establishes itself in the North. In 1900, its territory becomes the Protectorate of Northern Region.
The manner in which the three regions were amalgamated was problematic. There were tensions between the three administrations in the areas of boundaries, railway policy and trade.
Unlike the experience of the UAE, colonial tutelage became a factor of divergence between the regions of Nigeria

6. خريطة لجنة ويلينك بشأن الأقليات (1957-1958)

7. نيجيريا تحت الإدارة البريطانية

8. لماذا وكيف: التفسير المنطقي للفدرالية النيجيرية (2)
كانت نيجيريا، عند حصولها على الاستقلال، فدرالية تضم ثلاث ولايات اعضاء في الفدرالية.
الفدرالية النيجيرية متعددة القوميات أو متعددة الإثنيات
كثيرًا ما كان يشار إلى حجم نيجيريا الهائل جغرافيـًا باعتباره عاملاً هامـًا من أجل فهم عملية تشكيل الفدرالية النيجيرية.
ولكن نيجيريا ... لم تكن في أي مرحلة من مراحل تطورها بلدًا فدراليـًا يضم مناطق على أساس طبيعي، أو جغرافي، أو اقتصادي.
each of which was a bewildering agglomeration of ethnic groups (remind them of map of Willink Commission).
In 1954, a deal btw. Colonial state representatives and nationalists enshrines federalism as the best form of power-sharing.
East and West obtain self-government in 1957, North in 1959.
The late Chief Obafemi Awolowo, using the concept of "nation," put the number at about sixty. Although we usually think of only three major groups.
with its attendant ecological, economic, and cultural variations
Nigeria is not a "federation of nations," of "culture areas,“ or of "linguistic areas."

9. المجموعات الإثنية اللغوية الكبرى في نيجيريا

10. الولايات والحكومات المحلية
تجربة في التشظي

11. مناطق ومحافظات
الوحدات المكونة لم تخضع لعملية تعيين حدود باعتبارها ولايات على أساس قومي أو إثني
تعاملت القيادات العسكرية المتتابعة بنوع من الحرية في إعادة رسم حدود الولايات
من ثلاث ولايات إلى ست وثلاثين ولاية
منطق التشظي
هو وسيلة للوصول إلى المناصب على المستوى القومي، والموارد المالية وغير ذلك
هو وسيلة لمكافأة المسئولين المحليين عن طريق إيجاد وظائف عامة/حكومية
التأثير السلبي لسياسة التقسيم إلى مناطق
تنامي الوعي الإثني
عدم توفر المشاورات الشعبية
Although state creation has hitherto been perceived as evidence of military decisiveness, the implicit arbitrariness in the military approach was also always acknowledged.
In 1966, the military government sought to placate minorities in the secessionist region and elsewhere by dividing the country into twelve states – six in the north, six in the south. Beyond its immediate political rationale, this opened the gate to expanding federal structures as a way of buying off dissent and stifling demands for a return to democracy. It also paved the way for a sprawling network of state patronage, a process which has been defined as “the fragmentation of existing politico-administrative units (whether state or local governments) into new ones with identical
functional characteristics”.
Military rulers increased the states to nineteen in 1976, 21 in 1987 and 30 in That year General Babangida bought time for his beleaguered regime and assuaged persistent southern fears by subdividing the big three northern Muslim states of Sokoto, Kano, and Borno.
For the first time ever, the announcement of state creation was followed by widespread protests in some parts of the country, some of them violent as in Kano and Sokoto states. Some Nigerians expressed dissatisfaction about the boundaries of the new states while others protested against the location of state capitals. (There was also widespread rejoicing in a few of the new states.) All of this culminated in an unprecedented discussion of the possibility of reversing or modifying the military's decisions.
In 1996, the Abacha regime sought political credit by creating six additional states, thus giving the country three times the number considered necessary for a stable balance of constituent states in the early days of independence.
Administrative effectiveness and economic viability were afterthoughts in the fragmenting institutions. In 1976, during the heyday of the oil boom, the Irikefe Panel on the creation of new states explicitly advised that the federal government should not “attach undue emphasis on the requirements for economic viability…since all the existing states except possibly Lagos are heavily dependent on the Federal Government
for a substantial percentage of their revenue”. Indeed, the state and local governments generally depend on federal transfers for 70 to 80 per cent of their revenues. Cashing in on the oil wealth, the federal power structure has put into place the conduits for the transmission of its resources to local authorities as an institutionalised network of patronage.
Six regions without real status but of increasingly functional importance: Since the 1990s, a six-zone model of geographical
state clusters has de facto superseded the existing federal structure as a more pertinent political reference. These zones – north west, north east, Middle Belt, south east, south-south, south west – have been given geographical designations as surrogates for cultural groupings. They are based on historically founded socio-political realities: the emirate states; Borno and environs; Middle Belt minorities; Yoruba states; Igbo states; southern minorities. As the first three are northern and the second three southern, they duplicate to some extent the colonial divide inherited from British rule, which became hardened in part because of the policy of indirect rule. But a regional language is spoken by nearly all the people in only three of the six zones: Hausa in the north west, Igbo in the south east, and Yoruba in the south west. The other three zones are ethnically and linguistically diversified: the northeast includes, among many other groups, a large Kanuri-speaking population; the Middle Belt contains a multitude of diverse groups – by far the largest number of ethnicities of any zone; the southsouth zone also has a broad spectrum of ethnic and
linguistic groups, though the Ijaw, the country’s fourth largest ethnic group, predominate. These six geographical zones, although they are constantly invoked in political debate and are explicitly cited in one of the most sensitive pieces of legislation adopted during Obasanjo’s
first term as elected president, the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act, still have no legal basis.
The legal distinction between “indigenes” and “non-indigenes” was inserted for the first time into the 1979 constitution, which
alternatively referred to “indigenes of a state” and to “the populations which belong to a state”. An indigene was meant to be “a person whose parents or grandparents historically originated from a community within that state”. As the 1999 constitution uses but does not define
more precisely that term, internal citizenship remains a disputed issue that fuels local violence all over the country, most notably in the Middle Belt.
In some states, “indigeneity” is used to give specific groups certain rights in relation to government appointments or other benefits based not on their Nigerian citizenship or residency in a state but on their ancestors’ place of origin. Elsewhere, son-of-the-soil movements have pitted “indigenes” against “settlers” in violent conflict. Emphasis laid on the “indigeneity” of employees in public services, parastatals, universities and even private enterprise has stoked tensions and undercut the sense that jobs should be awarded on merit. With state and local government structures proliferating, Nigerians have become “indigenes” of units that cover increasingly smaller slivers of the national territory – while they
are strangers in the rest of their country.

12. حدود الولايات والمجموعات الإثنية

13. ثلاث مناطق (1954 – 1963)

14. منطقة رابعة (1963 – 1967)

15. إثنى عشرة ولاية (1967 – 1987)

16. إحدى وعشرون ولاية (1987 – 1991)

17. ثلاثون ولاية (1991 – 1996)

18. ولايات نيجيريا الست وثلاثون (1996 - )
3. (1) There shall be 36 states in Nigeria, that is to say, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe and Zamfara.
3. (6) There shall be 768 Local Government Areas in Nigeria as shown in the second column of Part I of the First Schedule to this Constitution and six area councils as shown in Part II of that Schedule.

19. هل هي النهاية لحالة التشظي في نيجيريا؟
مواد في الدستور تتعلق بإيجاد ولايات جديدة (المادة 8-1)
يُعرض الطلب على الجمعية الوطنية على أن يكون مدعومـًا بأكثرية الثلثين من الأعضاء في:
مجلس الشيوخ، ومجلس النواب
مجلس النواب ومجالس الحكم المحلي في المنطقة
ينال موافقة أغلبية الثلثين على الأقل من السكان في المنطقة من خلال استفتاء شعبي
يجب الموافقة على نتيجة الاستفتاء الشعبي بأكثرية الأصوات في
جميع الولايات في الفدرالية، و
أعضاء مجلسي الهيئة التشريعية
يتم إقرار هذا الاقتراح بواسطة قرار ينال موافقة أكثرية ثلثي الأعضاء في كل من مجلس الشيوخ ومجلس النواب في الجمعية الوطنية
مواد في الدستور تتعلق بإعادة رسم الحدود
يُعرض الطلب على الجمعية الوطنية على أن يكون مدعومـًا بأكثرية الثلثين من الأعضاء الذين يمثلون المنطقة المطالبة بالتغيير وتلك التي ستتأثر بالتغيير في:
تتم الموافقة على اقتراح تعديل الحدود بأكثرية الأصوات في:
كلٍ من مجلسي الجمعية الوطنية
أعضاء مجلس النواب في المنطقة التي ستشهد تعديل الحدود
. (1) An Act of the National Assembly for the purpose of creating a new State shall only be passed if-
(a) a request, supported by at least two-thirds majority of members (representing the area demanding the creation of the new State) in each of the following, namely -
(i) the Senate and the House of Representatives,
(ii) the House of Assembly in respect of the area, and
(iii) the local government councils in respect of the area,
is received by the National Assembly;
(b) a proposal for the creation of the State is thereafter approved in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of the people of the area where the demand for creation of the State originated;
(c) the result of the referendum is then approved by a simple majority of all the States of the Federation supported by a simple majority of members of the Houses of Assembly; and
(d) the proposal is approved by a resolution passed by two-thirds majority of members of each House of the National Assembly.
(2) An Act of the National Assembly for the purpose of boundary adjustment of any existing State shall only be passed if-
(a) a request for the boundary adjustment, supported by two-thirds majority of members (representing the area demanding and the area affected by the boundary adjustment) in each of the following, namely-
(iii) the local government councils in respect of the area.
is received by the National Assembly; and
(b) a proposal for the boundary adjustment is approved by -
(i) a simple majority of members of each House of the National Assembly, and
(ii) a simple majority of members of the House of Assembly in respect of the area concerned.
(3) A bill for a Law of a House of Assembly for the purpose of creating a new local government area shall only be passed if -
(a) a request supported by at least two-thirds majority of members (representing the area demanding the creation of the new local government area) in each of the following, namely -
(i) the House of Assembly in respect of the area, and
(ii) the local government councils in respect of the area,
is received by the House of Assembly;
(b) a proposal for the creation of the local government area is thereafter approved in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of the people of the local government area where the demand for the proposed local government area originated;
(c) the result of the referendum is then approved by a simple majority of the members in each local government council in a majority of all the local government councils in the State; and
(d) the result of the referendum is approved by a resolution passed by two-thirds majority of members of the House of Assembly.
(4) A bill for a Law of House of Assembly for the purpose of boundary adjustment of any existing local government area shall only be passed if-
(a) a request for the boundary adjustment is supported by two-thirds majority of members (representing the area demanding and the area affected by the boundary adjustment) in each of the following, namely -
(ii) the local government council in respect of the area,
is received by the House of Assembly; and
(b) a proposal for the boundary adjustment is approved by a simple majority of members of the House of Assembly in respect of the area concerned.

20. الوحدة والتعددية

21. مهمة لا بد من القيام بها الحرب في بيافرا
تشير الممارسات السياسية في نيجيريا إلى أن وضع مخططات سياسية على أساس قومي-إثني جامد هو أمر يثير الشك إلى حد كبير.
دستور 1999: الفصل 1 – المادة 2(1)
تعتبر نيجيريا دولة ذات سيادة غير قابلة للتقسيم وغير قابلة للحل، وتعرف باسم جمهورية نيجيريا الفدرالية .

22. السياسات المتعلقة باللغة
تم الاحتفاظ بالإنجليزية باعتبارها اللغة الرسمية في البلاد
يحتوي كل من دستور 1979 و دستور 1989 على ترتيبات تسمح بتطوير اللغات الثلاث الأصلية الرئيسية وانتشارها
قرار الحكومة الفدرالية في بداية التسعينات من القرن الماضي بتبني التعليم باللغة الأم في 27 لغة محلية
Flowing from this is a distinction between the languages of the three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba) and the languages or dialects of the minority ethnic groups. Although English has been maintained as the country's official language, the constitutions of 1979 and 1989 provide for the development and diffusion of the three major indigenous languages.

23. مشاركة السلطة في المركز
تأثير الحكم العسكري

24. Phases in Nigeria’s Federal Practice
Phase Type of Federal Comment
Government Practice
1954–1966 Colonial/civilian Strong Functioned fully
despite imperfections
1966–1979 Military Weak Over-centralization of
Public Policies
1979–1983 Civil Rule Weak Imitation of Unitarist
tendencies of the military
1983–1998 Military Very weak Over-centralization of
1999– Civil Rule Strong Slow in adjusting to
democratic practice
Source: Osita Agbu, “Reinventing Federalism, in Post-Transition Nigeria: Problems and Prospects” Africa Development, 29, no. 2 (2004): Updated from Peter P. Ekeh (1997), Wilberforce Conference on Nigerian Federalism, New York, Association of Nigerian Scholars for Dialogue.

25. تأثير الحكم العسكري
مركزية السلطات في أيدي السلطة التنفيذية الفدرالية (قادة الانقلاب الذين تحولوا إلى حكام) كما يبدوا ذلك من المشاكل في المجالات التالية:
احتكار السلطة في البلد
إيجاد ولايات جديدة
تخصيص وتوزيع العائدات
الطابع الفدرالي
ولكن، ومنذ العام 1967، كانت الحكومة العسكرية الفدرالية في نيجيريا قد أقرت بأن:
”فشل الدستور النيجيري لدى الاستقلال في العام 1960 في الاعتراف بالرغبات القوية لدى الأقليات وغيرها من المجموعات السكانية في حق تقرير المصير قد أثر على توازن السلطة في المركز، وكان هذا الوضع من عدم التوازن عميق الجذور بمثابة ”بلاء“ أصاب الجمهورية الأولى طوال حياتها“ (الحكومة العسكرية الفدرالية 1967)
The onset of military rule in 1966 changed the nature of federalism, as decision-making under the successive juntas was highly centralised and, by nature, undemocratic. During three decades, with brief civilian interludes, power was only delegated to the lower echelons of a command structure that had been entirely determined at the top; there was no question of decentralising power. Although the tenets of federalism provide for power-sharing and a dispersal of opportunities, the combination of oil income and military rule has fostered a concentration of authority and resources. The federal, oil-funded state has evolved under tight control, at every level the hierarchy of command shadowed by a hierarchy of entitlement
5. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive powers of the Federation:
(a) shall be vested in the President and may subject as aforesaid and to the provisions of any law made by the National Assembly, be exercised by him either directly or through the Vice-President and Ministers of the Government of the Federation or officers in the public service of the Federation; and
(b) shall extend to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, all laws made by the National Assembly and to all matters with respect to which the National Assembly has, for the time being, power to make laws.

26. مبدأ »الطابع الفدرالي «
جاء تعريف ”الطابع الفدرالي“ في دستور 1979 على النحو التالي:
”الرغبة الواضحة المميزة لدى الشعب النيجيري لتعزيز الوحدة الوطنية، ورعاية الولاء الوطني ومنح كل مواطن في نيجيريا شعورًا بالانتماء إلى هذه الأمة.“
الفقرات 14 (3-4) في دستور 1999
”تتشكل الحكومة الفدرالية أو أي من هيئاتها وتمارس أعمالها بأسلوب يعكس الطابع الفدرالي في نيجيريا والحاجة لتعزيز الوحدة الوطنية، كما يرسخ أيضـًا الولاء الوطني، الأمر الذي يضمن عدم سيطرة أشخاص أو عدد من الولايات أو أية مجموعات إثنية أو غيرها على تلك الحكومة أو أي من الهيئات التابعة لها.
تتشكل حكومة الولاية، أو مجلس الحكم المحلي، أو أي من هيئات هذه الحكومة أو المجلس، وتمارس هذه الحكومة أو المجلس أو الهيئات التابعة لها أعمالها بأسلوب يعترف بتعددية الشعوب ضمن منطقة سلطاتها والحاجة لتعزيز الإحساس بالإنتماء والولاء بين كافة شعوب الفدرالية.“
The federal principle shepherded by the Federal Character Commission has been the main response of the Federal government towards addressing
the distortions in Nigeria’s federal practice.
According to Nnoli (1998:151), historically this means balancing the North and the South—Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani, and this trinity as a whole
against other minority groups. The emphasis appears to be on the sharing of benefits and privileges that come with participation in government.

27. تطبيق مبدأ ”الطابع الفدرالي“
الجيش
نظام الكوتا (1958) – انحصر تطبيقه في مراتب الجنود
نظام الكوتا (1961) – امتد ليشمل مراتب الضباط أيضـًا
الفقرة 197 (2) من دستور 1979
لجنة خدمات القوات المسلحة
الطابع الفدرالي في الممارسة العملية
الخدمة المدنية الفدرالية
1954 – إيجاد الخدمة المدنية في الدولة
1966 – الخدمة المدنية الفدرالية تكتسب موقعـًا أكثر بروزًا
لجنة أودوجي (1974)
1974 – المطالبة بالتمثيل الإقليمي في الخدمة المدنية الفدرالية
إجراءات نقل مؤقت لكبار موظفي الخدمة المدنية من الولايات إلى الخدمة المدنية الفدرالية
أحكام وتنظيم الخدمة المدنية الفدرالية بشأن التوظيف في الهيئات الفدرالية العاملة خارج العاصمة الفدرالية
مرسوم (إعادة تنظيم) الخدمة المدنية (مرسوم رقم 43، العام 1988)
الالتزام بمبدأ الطابع الفدرالي اعتبارًا من بداية التوظيف
الترقية على أساس الخبرة، والأداء، وحسن السلوك، والمؤهلات، والتدريب، والأداء في المقابلة عند طلب التوظيف وفي الامتحانات المطلوبة حيثما كان ذلك مناسبـًا.
Prior to the adoption of the federal character principle in 1979, the response to representation took two forms. First, there were ad hoc transfers of a few senior civil servants from the states to the FCS. Second, the Federal Civil Service Commission (FCSC) adopted a regulation requiring that junior civil servants working in any federal agency outside the federal capital be recruited ordinarily from the geographic area served by the agency.
In practice, the transfers were generally viewed as arbitrary, while the more systematic approach to representation in the junior ranks of the service only had limited impact because the minimum education requirements for most of the positions were not met in some states.
The ‘federal character" principle seeks to ensure that appointments to public service institutions fairly reflect the linguistic, ethnic, religious, and geographic diversity of the country.
Application of the principle in the federal civil service and the military has amounted to a confused balancing of the merit principle and the quota system, based essentially on states of origin. This has had adverse consequences for both institutions in terms of discipline, morale, and overall effectiveness and efficiency.
At the adoption of a federal system in 1954 (with one national and three regional governments), each government was endowed with a career civil service. This institution was enshrined in the 1954 Constitution. The constitution provided for the establishment of public service commissions (one for each government) charged with the responsibility of advising the governments on civil service matters. These commissions subsequently became independent bodies charged with the responsibility of protecting the career civil services.
In 1974, the chairman of the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC), Alhaji Sule Katagun, made a spirited case for regional representation within a merit system in his "The Development of the Public Service Commission System and the Problems of Recruitment into the Public Service in a Plural Society."‘
Representation in the federal civil service (FCS) assumed greater salience between 1966 (advent of military rule) and (when the powers of the federal government were increased significantly at the expense of the state governments). These increased federal powers transformed the FCS into a "superior" institution vis-a-vis the state civil services. This de facto superiority was formally acknowledged by the Udoji Commission (1974), which placed the highest paid career officials (permanent secretaries) in the state governments in a salary
grade below that of the federal permanent secretaries in a unified (national) salary structure
a civil service reform program launched by the Babangida administration in This program is set out in Decree No. 43 (1988), "The Civil Service (Reorganization) Decree." Some of the provisions of the decree relate to the application of the federal character principle. First, it is provided that:
The principle of Federal Character shall be faithfully adhered to at the point of entry, i.e., Grade level 07-10,while thereafter, from Grade 11 and above, the mechanisms or criteria for promotion shall be based on the universally accepted principle of
experience, performance on the job, length of service, good conduct, relevant qualification, training, performance at interview and relevant examination where appropriate
In 1958, the federal government adopted the quota principle for recruitment into the nonofficer ranks of the military: 50 percent from
the Northern Region and 25 percent each from the Eastern and Western Regions. Three years later, the quota principle was extended to the officer corps after an initial resistance by a section of the federal political leadership team. In the context of the political competition of the 1950s and early 1960s, there was a real concern on the part of most of the federal political leaders to prevent the institution from being captured or dominated by any one group.
Official commitment to the maintenance of the quota principle was reasserted in 1979 by the chief of army staff, Lieutenant-General Theophilius Danjuma, who said that an "equal number of places would henceforth be allocated to each of the 19 states in all military training institution
Section 197(2) of the Constitution provided that: The composition of the officer corps and other ranks of the armed forces of the Federation shall reflect the federal character.“ Furthermore, Section 198 of the Constitution provided for the establishment of a body comprising "such members as the National Assembly may determine" to ensure that the composition of the armed forces would reflect the federal character.
The civilian regime ( ) failed to establish this body. The idea was revived by the members of the Constituent Assembly ( ) who provided for the establishment of an Armed Forces Service Commission to ensure a comprehensive application of the principle in respect of recruitment, training, promotion, and retirement of officers.
In a sharp reaction, the AFRC expunged the provision from the text of the 1989 Constitution adopted by the Constituent Assembly on the ground that "ensuring federal character even in a 'retirement' exercise is to cause disaster and indiscipline in the one unifying force in the country." After observing that "there is no federal character in the war front, and in dying for one's country," it reaffirmed the military establishment's commitment to enforcing the federal character principle in recruitment and training.
evidence suggests that the practical application of the federal character principle within the military has involved the following: (1)quota recruitment into the nonofficer ranks at the point of entry and through the military training institutions (on the basis of equality among the states); (2) application of the merit principle for advancement up to the rank of colonel, with due regard to performance, qualifications, conduct, and relevant training; and (3) discretionary (sometimes arbitrary) representation for promotions to the rank of brigadier and above

28. توزيع السلطات

29. السلطات الحصرية والمتزامنة
تتمتع الحكومة المركزية بسلطات حصرية في 68 مجالاً بما في ذلك الدفاع، والأمن الداخلي، والشئون الخارجية، والتجارة، والمصارف، والموارد الطبيعية، والجمارك، والطاقة النووية، والمواصلات والاتصالات.
تتمتع الولايات بسلطات في 38 مجالاً بما في ذلك الأمن العام في الولاية، التجارة والتبادل التجاري بين الولايات، السياسة الصحية في الولاية، العلوم والتقنيات، طرق النقل السريع في الولاية والمواصلات العامة.
تشمل قائمة التشريعات المتزامنة 12 بندًا تضم مثلاً النصب التذكارية والآثار القديمة، المحفوظات العامة (الأرشيف)، وقوانين الانتخاب.
Legislative Powers
Exclusive Legislative List
  Part I  
     
3. Aviation, including airports, safety of aircraft and carriage of passengers and goods by air.
2. Arms, ammunition and explosives.
1. Accounts of the Government of the Federation, and of offices, courts, and authorities thereof, including audit of those accounts.
6. Banks, banking, bills of exchange and promissory notes.
5. Bankruptcy and insolvency
4. Awards of national titles of honour, decorations and other dignities.
7. Borrowing of moneys within or outside Nigeria for the purposes of the Federation or of any State.
10. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
9. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
8. Census, including the establishment and maintenance of machinery for continuous and universal registration of births and deaths throughout Nigeria.
13. Copyright
12. Control of capital issues.
11. Construction, alteration and maintenance of such roads as may be declared by the National Assembly to be Federal trunk roads.
14. Creation of States
17. Defence
16. Customs and excise duties
15. Currency, coinage and legal tender
20. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
19. Designation of securities in which trust funds may be invested.
18. Deportation of persons who are not citizens of Nigeria
21. Drugs and poisons.
24. Exchange control
23. Evidence
22. Election to the offices of President and Vice-President or Governor and Deputy Governor and any other office to which a person may be elected under this Constitution, excluding election to a local government council or any office in such council.
27. Extradition
26. External affairs
25. Export duties
30. Immigration into and emigration from Nigeria
29. Fishing and fisheries other than fishing and fisheries in rivers, lakes, waterways, ponds and other inland waters within Nigeria.
28. Fingerprints identification and criminal records.
33. Insurance.
32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of bodies corporate, other than co-operative societies, local government councils and bodies corporate established directly by any Law enacted by a House of Assembly of a State.
31. Implementation of treaties relating to matters on this list
35. Legal proceedings between Governments of States or between the Government of the Federation and Government of any State or any other authority or person.
34. Labour, including trade unions, industrial relations; conditions, safety and welfare of labour; industrial disputes; prescribing a national minimum wage for the Federation or any part thereof; and industrial arbitration.
(a) shipping and navigation on tidal waters; (b) shipping and navigation on the River Niger and its affluents and on any such other inland waterway as may be designated by the National Assembly to be an international waterway or to be an inter-State waterway; (c) lighthouses, lightships, beacons and other provisions for the safety of shipping and navigation; (d) such ports as may be declared by the National Assembly to be Federal ports (including the constitution and powers of port authorities for Federal ports). 37. Meteorology
36. Maritime shipping and navigation, including -
38. Military (Army, Navy and Air Force) including any other branch of the armed forces of the Federation.
41. Nuclear energy
40. National parks being such areas in a State as may, with the consent of the Government of that State, be designated by the National Assembly as national parks.
39. Mines and minerals, including oil fields, oil mining, geological surveys and natural gas.
42. Passports and visas
45. Police and other government security services established by law.
44. Pensions, gratuities and other-like benefit payable out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund or any other public funds of the Federation.
43. Patents, trade marks, trade or business names, industrial designs and merchandise marks.
46. Posts, telegraphs and telephones
49. Professional occupations as may be designated by the National Assembly.
48. Prisons
47. Powers of the National Assembly, and the privileges and immunities of its members
50. Public debt of the Federation
53. Public service of the Federation including the settlement of disputes between the Federation and officers of such service.
52. Public relations of the Federation
51. Public holidays.
56. Regulations of political parties
55. Railways
54. Quarantine
57. Service and execution in a State of the civil and criminal processes, judgements, decrees, orders and other decisions of any court of law outside Nigeria or any court of law in Nigeria other than a court of law established by the House of Assembly of that State.
60. The establishment and regulation of authorities for the Federation or any part thereof -
59. Taxation of incomes, profits and capital gains, except as otherwise prescribed by this Constitution.
58. Stamp duties
(a) To promote and enforce the observance of the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles contained in this Constitution; (b) To identify, collect, preserve or generally look after ancient and historical monuments and records and archaeological sites and remains declared by the National Assembly to be of national significance or national importance; (c) to administer museums and libraries other than museums and libraries established by the Government of a state; (d) To regulate tourist traffic; and (e) To prescribe minimum standards of education at all levels. 61. The formation, annulment and dissolution of marriages other than marriages under Islamic law and Customary law including matrimonial causes relating thereto.
(a) trade and commerce between Nigeria and other countries including import of commodities into and export of commodities from Nigeria, and trade and commerce between the states; (b) establishment of a purchasing authority with power to acquire for export or sale in world markets such agricultural produce as may be designated by the National Assembly; (c) inspection of produce to be exported from Nigeria and the enforcement of grades and standards of quality in respect of produce so inspected; (d) establishment of a body to prescribe and enforce standards of goods and commodities offered for sale; (e) control of the prices of goods and commodities designated by the National Assembly as essential goods or commodities; and (f) registration of business names. 63. Traffic on Federal trunk roads.
62. Trade and commerce, and in particular -
64. Water from such sources as may be declared by the National Assembly to be sources affecting more than one state
67. Any other matter with respect to which the National Assembly has power to make laws in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
66. Wireless, broadcasting and television other than broadcasting and television provided by the Government of a state; allocation of wave-lengths for wireless, broadcasting and television transmission.
65. Weights and measures.
68. Any matter incidental or supplementary to any matter mentioned elsewhere in this list.
Concurrent Legislative List
Extent of Federal and State Legislative powers
1. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the National Assembly may by an Act make provisions for -
the division of public revenue - (i) between the Federation and the States; (ii) among the States of the Federation; (iii) between the States and local government councils; (iv) among the local government councils in the States; and (b) grants or loans from and the imposition of charges upon the Consolidated Revenue Fund or any other public funds of the Federation or for the imposition of charges upon the revenue and assets of the Federation for any purpose notwithstanding that it relates to a matter with respect to which the National Assembly is not empowered to make laws.
2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, any House of Assembly may make provisions for grants or loans from and the imposition of charges upon any of the public funds of that State or the imposition of charges upon the revenue and assets of that State for any purpose notwithstanding that it relates to a matter with respect to which the National Assembly is empowered to make laws.
3. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to such antiquities and monuments as may, with the consent of the State in which such antiquities and monuments are located, be designated by the National Assembly as National Antiquities or National Monuments but nothing in this paragraph shall preclude a House of Assembly from making Laws for the State or any part thereof with respect to antiquities and monuments not so designated in accordance with the foregoing provisions.
6. Nothing in paragraphs 4 and 5 hereof shall be construed as enabling any laws to be made which do not preserve the archives and records which are in existence at the date of commencement of this Constitution, and which are kept by authorities empowered to do so in any part of the Federation.
5. A House of Assembly may, subject to paragraph 4 hereof, make laws for that State or any part thereof with respect to archives and public records of the Government of the State.
4. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to the archives and public records of the Federation.
(a) capital gains, incomes or profits or persons other than companies; and (b) documents or transactions by way of stamp duties. the National Assembly may, subject to such conditions as it may prescribe, provide that the collection of any such tax or duty or the administration of the law imposing it shall be carried out by the Government of a State or other authority of a State.
7. In the exercise of its powers to impose any tax or duty on -
8. Where an Act of the National Assembly provides for the collection of tax or duty on capital gains, incomes or profit or the administration of any law by an authority of a State in accordance with paragraph 7 hereof, it shall regulate the liability of persons to such tax or duty in such manner as to ensure that such tax or duty is not levied on the same person by more than one State.
9. A House of Assembly may, subject to such conditions as it may prescribe, make provisions for the collection of any tax, fee or rate or for the administration of the Law providing for such collection by a local government council.
10. Where a Law of a House of Assembly provides for the collection of tax, fee or rate or for the administration of such Law by a local government council in accordance with the provisions hereof it shall regulate the liability of persons to the tax, fee or rate in such manner as to ensure that such tax, fee or rate is not levied on the same person in respect of the same liability by more than one local government council.
12. Nothing in paragraph 11 hereof shall preclude a House of Assembly from making laws with respect to election to a local government council in addition to but not inconsistent with any law made by the National Assembly.
11. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation with respect to the registration of voters and the procedure regulating elections to a local government council.
(a) electricity and the establishment of electric power stations; (b) the generation and transmission of electricity in or to any part of the Federation and from one State to another State; (c) the regulation of the right of any person or authority to dam up or otherwise interfere with the flow of water from sources in any part of the Federation; (d) the participation of the Federation in any arrangement with another country for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity for any area partly within and partly outside the Federation; (f) the regulation of the right of any person or authority to use, work or operate any plant, apparatus, equipment or work designed for the supply or use of electrical energy. 14. A House of Assembly may make laws for the State with respect to -
13. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to-
(a) electricity and the establishment in that State of electric power stations; (b) the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to areas not covered by a national grid system within that State; and (c) the establishment within that State of any authority for the promotion and management of electric power stations established by the State. 15. In the foregoing provisions of this item, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings respectively assigned to them -
"power station" means an assembly of plant or equipment for the creation or generation of electrical energy; and
"management" includes maintenance, repairs or replacement;
"distribution" means the supply of electricity from a sub-station to the ultimate consumer;
"sub-station" herein is a reference to an assembly of plant, machinery or equipment for distribution of electricity.
"transmission" means the supply of electricity from a power station to a sub-station or from one sub-station to another sub-station, and the reference to a
(a) preclude a House of Assembly from making provision for a similar authority for that State; or (b) authorise the exhibition of a cinematograph film in a State without the sanction of the authority established by the Law of that State for the censorship of such films. 17. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to -
16. The National Assembly may make laws for the establishment of an authority with power to carry out censorship of cinematograph films and to prohibit or restrict the exhibition of such films; and nothing herein shall -
(a) the health, safety and welfare of persons employed to work in factories, offices or other premises or in inter-State transportation and commerce including the training, supervision and qualification of such persons; (b) the regulation of ownership and control of business enterprises throughout the Federation for the purpose of promoting, encouraging or facilitating such ownership and control by citizens of Nigeria; (c) the establishment of research centres for agricultural studies; and (d) the establishment of institutions and bodies for the promotion or financing of industrial, commercial or agricultural projects. 18. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a House of Assembly may make Laws for that State with respect to industrial, commercial or agricultural development of the State.
"agricultural" includes fishery.
20. For the purposes of the foregoing paragraphs of this item, the word
19. Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs of this item shall be construed as precluding a House of Assembly from making Laws with respect to any of the matters referred to in the foregoing paragraphs.
21. The National Assembly may make laws to regulate or co-ordinate scientific and technological research throughout the Federation.
(a) any matter upon which the National Assembly has power to make laws; and (b) the organisation of co-ordinated scheme of statistics for the Federation or any part thereof on any matter whether or not it has power to make laws with respect thereto. 24. A House of Assembly may make Laws for the State with respect to statistics and on any matter other than that referred to in paragraph 23
23. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to statistics so far as the subject matter relates to -
22. Nothing herein shall prelude a House of Assembly from establishing or making provisions for an institution or other arrangement for the purpose of scientific and technological research.
(a) of this item. 25. The National Assembly may make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to trigonometrical, cadastral and topographical surveys.
28. The power conferred on the National Assembly under paragraph 27 of this item shall include power to establish an institution for the purposes of university, post-primary, technological or professional education.
27. The National Assembly shall have power to make laws for the Federation or any part thereof with respect to university education, technological education or such professional education as may from time to time be designated by the National Assembly.
26. A House of Assembly may, subject to paragraph 25 hereof, make laws for that State or any part thereof with respect to trigonometrical, cadastral and topographical surveys.
30. Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs of this item shall be construed so as to limit the powers of a House of Assembly to make laws for the State with respect to technical, vocational, post-primary, primary or other forms of education, including the establishment of institutions for the pursuit of such education.
29. Subject as herein provided, a House of Assembly shall have power to make laws for the state with respect to the establishment of an institution for purposes of university, technological or professional education.

30. من النظرية إلى التطبيق قواعد صنع القرار مسألة قدرات الولاية
يتمتع المستوى الفدرالي بالسلطة العليا (الكلمة الأخيرة) في حال خلاف في الرأي
السلطات المتبقية هي من حق الولايات
مسألة قدرات الولاية
مساحة واسعة من اللاتماثل بين الولايات في مجال الترببية والتعليم
مساحة واسعة من اللاتماثل في الموارد بين الولايات والمركز
الأثر الناجم عن مركزية السلطات
قرار قاضي القضاة (2000) بشأن دفع الحكومة الفدرالية كامل مرتبات موظفي السلطة القضائية على مستوى الولاية والفدرالية
Adult literacy rate is 65.4% (2001)
Revenues from taxes and other related sources amounted to US$ million in 2001 whereas federal transfers amounted to $7.2 billions.

31. النفط والغاز في نيجيريا

32. النفط والغاز في نيجيريا
الانتاج اليومي من النفط الخام (2006): 2.1 مليون برميل
احتياطي النفط المؤكد: 34 مليار برميل (في العالم = تريليون)
احتياطي الغاز المؤكد: 4 تريليون متر مكعب (في العالم = تريليون)
الإنتاج المحلي الإجمالي – للفرد: 694 دولار
النمو الاقتصادي (1980 – 2002): 2% سنويـًا
حصة البترول من
إيرادات الحكومة = 76%
الدخل من الصادرات = 95%
الإنتاج المحلي الإجمالي = 33%
The end of the civil war coincided with the steep rise of oil wealth. In 1970, oil revenue was a mere $250 million but it soon assumed strategic budgetary importance. After the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargo and price hikes following the Middle Eastern Yom Kippur war in 1973, revenues sprang from $2.1 billion in 1972 to $11.2 billion by 1974, a major windfall for an underdeveloped country.34 Almost o
In 2004, the architects of Nigeria’s much-praised National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) recognised that oil had
transformed the institution of government into an “instrument for instant acquisition of wealth and therefore distorted the incentive to work and to create wealth in the private sector. With government as the major source of patronage and rent-seeking, the fight for public office became a matter of life and deathvernight the country was flooded with petrodollars, and financial constraints vanished.

33. النصوص والتدابير القانونية والدستورية
1969: قانون النفط
منح الدولة الفدرالية ”كامل ملكية حقول النفط والغاز في جميع أراضي نيجيريا، وتحت مياهها الإقليمية والجرف القاري التابع لها“
مبدأ ”الاشتقاق“
دستور العام 1960 / والعام 1963: 50% من الإيرادات تعود للولايات
1975، المرسوم السادس: 80% للحكومة الفدرالية، 20% للولايات
1978، قانون استعمال الأراضي: حذف مبدأ الاستتباع Derivation والاستعاضة عنه بمبدأ المساواة بين الولايات (مع اعتبار مساحة الأراضي وعدد السكان معايير هامة في هذا المجال)
فترة التسعينات: قرارات عسكرية متلاحقة تؤدي إلى تخفيض حصة الولايات إلى 3%
دستور 1999: 13% من الإيرادات تعود للولايات؛ إقامة لجنة المالية وحشد وتخصيص الإيرادات
2002، قرار المحكمة العليا بشأن الجرف القاري
أكتوبر 2002، مشروع قانون أمام الجمعية الوطنية يؤدي إلى محو الفروقات بين حقول النفط في الداخل وفي البحر
1971: Nationalisation and Creation of Nigerian National Oil Company
The Land Use Act vests all land to the State to be held in trust on behalf of the people. The rights of residents and traditional landowners are reduced to those of occupants.
The 36 states, which had obtained $120 million in 1999, received almost $1 billion in 2000 out of the Federation Account, where the money is pooled monthly, divided and then allocated to the federal government, states and local government areas by the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission, a federal executive body. In 2004, the states gained over $6 billion from the Federation Account, with nearly one third going to the four major oil producing states – Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa and Akwa Ibom – which have 15 per cent of the population. On average the states thus experienced, over four years, a 50-fold increase in the revenue channelled to them by the federal state. The increase has been 100-fold for the four major oil producing states, which “received roughly twice as much as the other five non-oil-producing zones….”
In 2002, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the federal government’s position that the natural resources on Nigeria’s continental shelf belonged to the federation as a whole and could not be said to be derived from the adjoining littoral states for revenue allocation purposes. The federal government’s revenue share was thereby increased from 48.5 per cent to 56 per cent, retroactive to 29 May In October 2002, dissatisfaction with the derivation formula acquired a new dimension, as the National Assembly passed a bill erasing the onshore/offshore dichotomy that was its basis. Under threat of impeachment, the president eventually gave in. Within a few weeks of elections, he accepted reinstatement of the status quo ante and ordered the outstanding offshore component of the derivation funds to be released to the coastal oil-producing states.

34. مشكلة دلتا نهر النيجر لجنة تنمية دلتا النيجر
تأسست في 2001
من أجل التخفيف من حدة المشاكل المتعلقة بالتنمية والبيئة التي تواجهها المجتمعات في مناطق إنتاج النفط
تقرير اللجنة الخاصة بشأن المناطق المنتجة للنفط
اعتراف بفشل الحكومة
تخصيص وتوزيع الموارد مقابل السيطرة على الموارد
القدرات المؤسساتية ومبدأ المسائلة
إجراءات ديمقراطية للمحاسبة والضبط على مستوى الولايات وفي مناطق الحكم المحلي
Its task seems Herculean: between 1976 and 1996, 4,835 oil spills, estimated at 1.8 million barrels, were formally reported to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) but the real figures were possibly as much as ten times higher. Nigeria is particularly susceptible to oil spills because the numerous small fields in the Niger Delta require an extensive network of small flowlines. Also, the numerous flowlines and pipelines have often been poorly maintained, and many are much older than their planned usable ifetimes. These spills, combined with decades of wide-spread flaring of gas, have caused serious atmospheric pollution, groundwater and soil contamination, constant heat around the flare pits and abnormal salinity of the pool water, resulting in serious health hazards for the inhabitants of the Delta region and grave disturbances to the life cycles of plants and animals. Although its adverse effects have been known since the early 1980s, flaring of gas is scheduled to stop only in Nigeria continues to be the world’s largest source of flared associated natural gas, by some estimates flaring the equivalent of 40 per cent
of Africa’s total natural gas consumption.
Notwithstanding offshore revenue derivation, many leaders of the oil-bearing communities in the Delta demand resource control: ownership and management of the oil fields both in their homelands and offshore. This goes far beyond what the Mantu Committee was ready to concede in March 2006, when it advocated a constitutional amendment to raise derivation from 13 to 18 per cent, itself a proposal below the 20 to 25 percent sought by the oil states in the National Assembly. “The debate over oil revenue allocation formulas is indispensable, and healthy for democracy in this country”, argued a Western diplomat, but it should not be “at the expense of fundamental governance issues, that would become even more important if there were to be resource control by local communities”. A 100-fold increase in state revenue in Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa and Akwa Ibom, as well as demands for resource control at local level, raise questions about institutional capacity and accountability as well as democratic checks and balances at the second and third tier of the state. “Prior to any further transfer of funds or power to states or LGAs [Local Government Areas], control institutions have to be established there”, a civil society activist said. “What democratic control we have today exists only at the federal level. But the worst corruption is to be found at the lower levels”. Given the central government’s disastrous record on oil revenue spending, this means that the legitimacy of the federal structure as a whole will be at stake in the years to come.
Three years after the end of military rule, a government constituted panel of Nigerian military officers and police chiefs, international oil company executives, and senior government officials issued sweeping recommendations for reform in the Niger Delta that, in many respects,
mirror the demands of militant groups today. The report by the Special Committee on Oil Producing Areas is both an ambitious roadmap for potential change and an admission of government failure.
At the National Political Reforms Conference in July 2005, Niger Delta delegates asked that the federal government increase derivation payments to per cent of revenues, an offer that was countered by an unofficial offer of 17 per cent. Niger Delta delegates left the conference in anger
after a group of influential northern leaders – the Arewa Consultative Forum – derided the 17 per cent offer as an “excessive generosity”
Consolidated Council on Socio-Economic Development of the Coastal States of the Niger Delta

35. أفكار ختامية

36. Timeline: Nigeria (1)
1809 إقامة دولة إسلامية واحدة – خلافة سوكوتو – في الشمال.
بريطانيا تحكم سيطرتها على المنطقة التي تدعوها مستعمرة ومحمية نيجيريا، وتحكمها بأسلوب ”الحكم غير المباشر“ من خلال الزعماء المحلين.
1922 أضافة جزء من مستعمرة ألمانية سابقة، كاميرون، إلى نيجيريا تحت الانتداب من عصبة الأمم المتحدة.
1954 تبني دستور فدرالي وإنشاء حكومة مركزية واحدة وثلاث حكومات إقليمية. ترأس الحكومة المركزية الحاكم العام البريطاني، في حين خضعت الحكومة الإقليمية لرئيس حكومة نيجيري وحاكم بريطاني.
1957 أصبحت المناطق الشرقية والغربية تتمتع بالحكم الذاتي؛ وتولى رئيس الحكومة في كل منطقة سلطات تنفيذية كاملة. تم تعيين شخصية نيجيرية، أبو بكر تافاوا باليوا، رئيسـًا للحكومة الوطنية؛ في حين استمر الحاكم العام البريطاني رئيسـًا للدولة.
1959 المنطقة الشمالية تصبح تتمتع بالحكم الذاتي
1960 الاستقلال. شخصية نيجيرية، ننامدي أزيكيوي، يتولى منصب الحاكم العام.
إحصاء مختلف عليه يثير توترات إقليمية وإثنية. يتم إلغاء الإحصاء في إعادة تجربة الإحصاء في العام 1963؛ اتفاق حل وسط بشأن الأرقام الناجمة عن الإحصاء المختلف عليه. تبني دستور جمهوري (فدرالي)؛ إلغاء وضع ملكة بريطانيا باعتبارها رئيس الدولة الرسمي، في حين يستمر أزيكيوي في منصب رئيس الدولة مع اتخاذ لقب جديد هو رئيس جمهورية نيجيريا الفدرالية. يتم إنشاء منطقة جديدة، منطقة وسط الغرب، مما يجعل نيجيريا دولة فدرالية تضم أربع حكومات إقليمية.
1966 يناير – باليوا يقتل في عملية انقلاب. الجنوال أجيوي-أيرونسي بترأس الإدارة العسكرية. أيرونسي يفقد السلطة في يوليو ويصبح ياكوبو غوون رئيسـًا للحكومة الفدرالية العسكرية.

37. Timeline: Nigeria (2)
1967 تأسيس نظام فدرالي يضم 12 ولاية بعد أن يتم إعادة تشكيل المنطقة الشمالية في ست ولايات كما يتم إعادة تشكيل الولايات الجنوبية الثلاث في ست ولايات. تنفصل ثلاث ولايات شرقية لتشكل جمهورية بيافران الأمر الذي يشعل حربـًا أهلية.
1970 يستسلم زعماء بيافرا، ويتم إعادة استيعاب مناطق بيافرا السابقة ضمن البلد نيجيريا.
1973 تجربة أخرى لعملية الإحصاء تكون مثار خلاف؛ النتائج الأولية التي تم الإعلان عنها في 1974 تُلغى في 1975.
1975 تتم الإطاحة بالرئيس غوون، ويهرب إلى بريطانيا؛يحل محله العميد مورتالا رامات محمد.
1976 يتعرض محمد للإغتيال في محاولة انقلاب فاشلة. يحل محله نائبه، الجنرال أولوسيغن أوباسانجو، الذي يساعد على طرح دستور رئاسي على النمط الأمريكي. يتم تشكيل حكومات محلية بصورة رسمية لتكون المستوى الثالث من الحكم. تجري انتخابات الحكومات المحلية في ديسمبر. يتم الاعتراف بمنطقة أبوجا على أنها الإقليم الجديد للعاصمة الفدرالية.
1978 اعتماد دستور رئاسي (فدرالي) جديد، يصبح نافذ المفعول في 1979، ويعرف عادة بدستور 1979.
1979 إقامة حكومات مدنية على مستوى الفدرالية والولايات، في أعقاب انتخابات تنافست فيها خمس أحزاب : حزب الشعب النيجيري العظيم، حزب الشعب في نيجيريا، حزب نيجيريا الوطني، جزب الإنقاذ الشعبي، وحزب الوحدة. تؤدي نتائج الانتخابات إلى تولي الحاج شيحو شاجاري زمام السلطة.
1983 انتخابات تتنافس فيها الأحزاب على مستوى الولاية والفدرالية. يتم إعادة انتخاب شاجاري في وسط اتهامات بالتلاعب في الانتخابات.
1983 دييسمبر – الجنرال محمد بوهاري يستولي على السلطة في انقلاب سلمي.
1985 إبراهيم بابنجيدا يستولي على السلطة في انقلاب سلمي، يقيد النشاطات السياسية، ويصبح أول قائد عسكري يتخذ لقب رئيس الجمهورية.
1986 اختلافات في الرأي بشأن عضوية نيجيريا في منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي (OIC).

38. Timeline: Nigeria (3)
1987 إقامة ولايتين جديدتين، واحدة في الشمال والأخرى في الجنوب.
1989 إقامة 194 حكومة محلية أخرى، بحيث يصبح المجموع 453 حكومة محلية.
1990 محاولة انقلاب فاشلة. يحاول القائمون على الانقلاب لعب ورقة الخلافات الإقليمية والإثنية الدينية وذلك من خلال الإدعاء بفصل خمس ولايات إسلامية في الشمال، مؤقتـًا، عن الفدرالية.
1991 إقامة تسع ولايات جديدة، أربع ولايات في الجنوب، اثنتان في الوسط، وثلاث في أقصى الشمال. كما يتم إنشاء 136 حكومة محلية جديدة أيضـًا. وهكذا تصبح نيجيريا دولة فدرالية تضم ثلاثين ولاية و 589 حكومة محلية.
1993 يونية – العسكر يلغون الانتخابات؛ النتائج الأولية تشير إلى فوز الزعيم موشود أبيولا.
1993 أغسطس – السلطة تنتقل إلى حكومة وطنية مؤقتة.
1993 نوفمبر – الجنرال ساني أباتشا يستولي على الحكم، ويخمد أصوات المعارضة.
يتم اعتقال أبيولا بعد أن يعلن نفسه رئيسـًا للجمهورية.
1998 أباتشا يتوفى، يخلفه في الحكم الجنرال عبد السلام أبوبكر. الزعيم أبيولا يتوفى بعد شهر في المعتقل.
1999 انتخابات برلمانية ورئاسية. أولوسيغن أوباسانجو يتولى منصب رئاسة الجمهورية.
2000 عدد من الولايات الشمالية يطبق القانون الإسلامي – أو الشريعة. التوتر الناجم عن هذه القضية يؤدي إلى مئات القتلى في اشتباكات بين المسلمين والمسيحيين.
2001 الحرب القبلية في ولاية بينوي، في شرقي وسط نيجيريا ، تؤدي إلى تشريد الآلاف من السكان.
2002 فبراير – مقتل حوالي 100 شخص في لاغوس في اشتباكات بين أفراد من قبائل الهوسا من الشمال حيث الغالبية من المسلمين وقبائل اليوروبا من الجنوب الغربي حيث الغالبية من المسيحيين. يلمّح حاكم المدينة إلى أن ضباط الجيش المتقاعدين هم الذين شجعوا على أعمال العنف في محاولة لاستعادة الحكم العسكري.
2002 نوفمبر – مقتل أكثر من 200 شخص خلال أربعة أيام من أعمال االشغب التي اندلعت على أثر غضب المسلمين بشأن الحفل المقرر لانتخاب ملكة جمال العالم في كادونا في ديسمبر.

39. Timeline: Nigeria (4)
أبريل – أول انتخابات تشريعية منذ الحكم العسكري في تميزت عملية الانتخابات بالتأخير، والاتهامات بالتلاعب بصناديق الانتخاب. حزب الرئيس أوباسانجو، حزب الشعب الديمقراطي، يفوز بالأغلبية في الانتخابات.
أبريل – أول انتخابات رئاسية في ظل النظام المدني منذ انتهاء الحكم العسكري. يتم انتخاب الرئيس أولوسيغن أوباسانجو لفترة رئاسة ثانية بأكثرية تتجاوز 60% من الأصوات. أحزاب المعارضة ترفض هذه النتائج. المراقبون من المجموعة الأوروبية يشيرون إلى ”مخالفات خطيرة“.
2003 أغسطس – أعمال عنف طائفية في مدينة واري في دلتا النيجر تؤدي إلى مقتل حوالي 100 شخص، وإصابة 1000.
2004 مايو – إعلان حالة الطوارئ في ولاية بلاتو في وسط البلاد على أثر مقتل ما يزيد على 200 شخص مسلم في يلوا أثناء هجمات من ميليشيات مسيحية؛ أعداد من الشباب المسلم في كانو يشنون هجمات انتقامية.
2004 أغسطس-سبتمبر - اشتباكات عنيفة بين عصابات في مدينة بورت هاركورت حيث آبار النفط تتولى قوات الجيش إخمادها. منظمة العفو الدولية تشير إلى سقوط حوالي 500 قتيل.
2005 يولية – نادي باريس الذي يضم الدول الدائنة الغنية يوافق على شطب ثلثي مديونية نيجيريا التي تقدر بحوالي 30 مليار دولار.
2006 يناير والفترة التي تليه – مسلحون في دلتا النيجر يهاجمون أنابيب النفط وغيرها من المنشآت النفطية ويخطفون عمال النفط الأجانب. يطالب الثوار بنصيب أكبر من السيطرة على ثروة المنطقة النفطية.
2006 فبراير – مقتل أكثر من 100 شخص على أثر اندلاع أعمال عنف دينية في المدن ذات الكثافة السكانية المسلمة في الشمال وفي مدينة أونيشتا الجنوبية.
2006 أبريل – ارتفاع أسعار النفط إلى معدلات قياسية يساعد نيجيريا على سداد كامل الدين الخارجي للدول الغنية الدائنة في نادي باريس. نيجيريا هي أول دولة في أفريقيا تحقق هذه الخطوة.
2006 مجلس الشيوخ يرفض تغييرات مقترحة على الدستور كان من شأنها إتاحة الفرصة للرئيس أوباسانجو أن يترشح لفترة رئاسة ثالثة في العام 2007.
2007 أبريل – الإعلان عن فوز أومارو يارعادوا من حزب الشعب الديمقراطي في الانتخابات الرئاسية.

40. بنية النظام الفدرالي الحكومة الفدرالية حكومة الولاية السلطة التنفيذية
رئيس منتخب؛ نائب رئيس
مجلس الوزراء: المجلس التنفيذي الفدرالي
السلطة التشريعية: الجمعية الوطنية
مجلس الشيوخ
109 أعضاء (3 لكل ولاية + ممثل واحد عن منطقة العاصمة الفدرالية)
يتم انتخابهم لفترة 4 سنوات في 36 دائرة انتخابية لكل منها 3 مقاعد في مجلس الشيوخ + منطقة العاصمة الفدرالية
مجلس النواب
360 مقعدًا
يتم انتخابهم لفترة 4 سنوات في دوائر انتخابية ذات مقعد واحد في المجلس
يتوزعون بحسب الوزن الديمغرافي لكل ولاية
السلطة التنفيذية
الحاكم
السلطة التشريعية
مجلس النواب في الولاية
مناطق الحكم المحلي
مجالس الحكم المحلي
الرئيس: المسئول التنفيذي الأول في مجلس الحكم المحلي
أعضاء المجلس