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Chapter 28 The Progressive Era

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1 Chapter 28 The Progressive Era

2 Presidents of Early 1900’s William McKinley 1897-1901
Assassinated (one of four presidents) Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Assassinated: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, JFK……Reagan and T.R were shot but survived Natural Causes: William Henry Harrison (pneumonia-31 days), Zachary Taylor (stomach virus), Warren G. Harding (heart attack), FDR (cerebral hemorrhage)

3 Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Lincoln

4 Theodore Roosevelt Vice President to William McKinley
Became President after McKinley was assassinated Youngest president of the U.S. Republican who embraced Progressive ideals New Era Changed the way Americans viewed the roles of President and the government Sept 6, McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo Renamed the Executive Mansion the “White House” He wanted to be the bride at every wedding and corpse at every funeral TJ started president processions on Penn Ave Executed presidents: Abraham Lincoln (Wash D.C), James A. Garfield (Wash D.C), William McKinley (Buffalo), JFK (Dallas) Teddy is the youngest president (42 years, 10 months) but JFK is the youngest elected president (43 years, 7 months)

5 Election of 1904 Teddy Roosevelt Alton B. Parker Eugene V. Debs
Republican Democrat Replaced William Jennings Bryan after failed attempt in 1896 and 1900 Socialist Great orator who often rivaled William Jennings Bryan Lost Elections: 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920 Indiana Sen. Charles Fairbanks - conservative Midwestern values contrasted with Roosevelt’s East Coast progressivism - was nominated to balance the ticket. TR was concerned about Mark Hanna and the potential that he wouldn’t have Hanna’s support but Hanna died in Feb 1904 (this cleared the way for an easy Republican nomination Debs didn’t receive any electoral votes during this election. In 1918, Debs opposed WWI and denounced the Espionage Act and received a 10 year sentence

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7 T.R. the TalkeR Used the presidency as a “bully pulpit”
Spoke out on vital issues “Bully”- popular word used by T.R that meant “First Rate” He absolutely loved life and was extremely energetic Although raised in an extremely wealthy NY family, he branched out from his circle of affluence to promote laws and regulations helping the poor and working class. His father taught him that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the poor.

8 Be TherRe or Be Square…Deal
Keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor. Used Sherman Antitrust Law to challenge monopolies “When I say I believe in a square deal, I do not mean to give every man the best hand. If good cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing” The term, “Square Deal” was used to describe his overall domestic program It demonstrated his desire to promote laws and regulations that were fair to all people. TR used the Sherman Antitrust Act (est in 1890 but poorly enforced) to challenge business monopolies. TR established increased regulation on business, workers’ right to organize into unions, 8 hr. workdays, pure food and drug laws, and income and inheritance taxes on the wealthiest Americans.

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10 T.R.biTRation United Mine Workers Strike in PA
150,000 coal miners held a strike against the mine owners Roosevelt stepped in to solve the problem His solution: arbitration Two opposing sides allow a third party to settle the dispute Landmark Compromise Pennsylvania Coal Miners For the first time, the federal government had stepped in to help workers in a labor dispute

11 Arbitration Assignment
You will break up into groups of three. Each group member will be assigned a role: teacher, student, arbitrator. Student- What things would you request from teachers (10)? Teacher- What things would you expect from students (10)? Arbitrator- Settle the dispute

12 T.R. the TRustbuster Regulating Business Trustbusting
Roosevelt considered big business essential to the nation’s growth but believed companies should behave responsibly Ex. Northern Securities Co. Trustbusting 44 suits against businesses not doing things in the public interest This political cartoon shows Teddy as a hunter who’s captured two bears: the “good trusts” bear he’s put on a leash labeled “restraint,” and the “bad trusts” bear he’s apparently killed. TR didn’t oppose all monopolies, but rather only those that he believed worked against the public interest Bigness was not necessarily badness. His real purpose was to prove that govt, not business, ruled the country.

13 InTRstate Commerce Commission
Since 1887 it was toothless Elkins Act of 1903 Fines for railroad rebates Hepburn Act of 1906 Restrictions on free passes

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15 T.R. the TRee Hugger Roosevelt’s most enduring legacy may be his work in the conservation movement Environment over Business interests Congress created national parks and wildlife sanctuaries Good for democracy Because Roosevelt was a passionate hunter and outdoorsman, he worked hard to conserve America’s vast natural resources Pic of TR and John Muir at California’s Yosemite National Park in 1903 TR viewed the American landscape as central to the nation’s democratic character and spirit, with its unique wilderness areas symbolic of American pride, uniqueness, and greatness.

16 Conservation and preservation are closely linked and may indeed seem to mean the same thing. Both terms involve a degree of protection, but how that is protection is carried out is the key difference. Conservation is generally associated with the protection of natural resources, while preservation is associated with the protection of buildings, objects, and landscapes. Put simply conservation seeks the proper use of nature, while preservation seeks protection of nature from use.

17 Gifford Pinchot Going Trout Fishing The father of the
modern Forest Service, Pinchot championed the concept of “rational use” as the guiding principle of the federal government’s natural resource management policies.

18 TR the “Teddy” Bear TR was an enthusiastic hunter as well as a conservationist. While hunting, a black bear was cornered and subdued so that the President could kill it. TR refused to shoot the animal on the grounds that it was unsporting Clifford K. Berryman of the Washington Post drew this political cartoon that made American’s fall in love with “Teddy’s Bear”

19 TR ReTReats TR leaves the presidency after two terms
Goes to enjoy private life and hunting in Africa Teddy went to South America following the Election of 1912

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21 Election of 1908 William H. Taft William Jennings Bryan Eugene V. Debs
Republican Democrat Socialist Indiana Sen. Charles Fairbanks - conservative Midwestern values contrasted with Roosevelt’s East Coast progressivism - was nominated to balance the ticket. TR was concerned about Mark Hanna and the potential that he wouldn’t have Hanna’s support but Hanna died in Feb 1904 (this cleared the way for an easy Republican nomination Debs didn’t receive any electoral votes during this election. In 1918, Debs opposed WWI and denounced the Espionage Act and received a 10 year sentence

22 Video on Taft

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24 William Howard Taft He was TR’s secretary of war
He wins the 1908 election Follows TR’s reform programs at first In time, he sets his own agenda Taft “busted” more trusts than TR did. Narrowed rather than expanded presidential power 16th Amendment- Permitted Congress to levy taxes based on an individual’s income Taft did not lower tariffs as much as TR wished. He encouraged the proposal of an income tax, and, most importantly, he did not distinguish between good and bad trusts. Also, some of Roosevelt’s decisions were reversed.

25 Teddy was shot during Election of 1912

26 Debs rises above the battle, as TR, Taft trade insults, and Woodrow Wilson give professional speeches.

27 A Socialist Party poster endorsing Debs for president in 1920
A Socialist Party poster endorsing Debs for president in He was still in prison for having opposed American participation in WWI

28 Election of 1912 William H Taft Teddy Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson
Republican Wanted less active govt Progressive - “Bull Moose” Party TR creates this party after losing the Republican nomination New Nationalism Democrat Wins the election. Reform minded but wants more individual freedom New Freedom Teddy saw Wisconsin Senator, Robert LaFollette more than Taft when it came to claiming the Republican Party. Later created his own TR felt “fit as a bull moose” to run Teddy advised Taft to not be seen on horseback during 1908 campaign saying it was “dangerous for him and cruel to the horse” TR was the former governor of NY and Wilson was the former governor of NJ Eugene Debs was the candidate for the Socialist Party and received 6% of the total vote (defended workers and the socialist agenda) During the Election of 1920, Eugene Debs ran for president from jail and received over a million votes (jailed for anti-war speech)

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30 Note the total population
Although receiving 6% of the vote, the Socialist Party didn’t catch on Reasons: Immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia were shady. Violent Labor Strikes- Fear. Socialist Smear Campaigns

31 Woodrow Wilson Attacked the “triple wall of privilege”: 1. Tariffs
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Lowered tariffs on imports to improve competition Income Tax Higher taxes for those with high incomes 2. Banks Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Provided a central bank to monitor other banks Trusts Clayton Antitrust Act Limit the power of monopolies since they were a threat to small businesses Federal Trade Commission Authorized to investigate corporations Lucky #13 Wanted to free up businesses Former President of Princeton University Princeton students were sons of wealthy families - some joined “eating clubs” that excluded poor students and the outsiders. Wilson objected The Fed, FTC, and Clayton Antitrust Act are still in effect today, protecting both businesses and consumers from abusive business activities.

32 Question What Does It Mean To Be “Progressive” Can You Provide Me With An Example?

33 Becky Hammon- first female assistant coach in the NBA (2014)

34 Progressive Era Progressivism Progressive Movement
Early 1900s reform movement to fix problems of industrialization, immigration, and urbanization Progressive Movement Apply new ideas to improve society and move it forward Progressive Era- Social, economic, and political reforms aimed to end the dominance of large businesses and wealthy business owners and increase equity and opportunity for the less affluent members of American society, including recent immigrants.

35 Societal Problems Pictionary
Students will each be assigned a societal problem and act it out for their classmates to guess what it is.

36 Hello 20th Century 76 million Americans by 1900
1 in 7 foreign born New Crusade against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice Progressive Roots Greenback Labor party of the 1870s Populists of the 1890s Hands OFF became Hands ON

37 Government vs. Government
Progressives Conservatives Thought government should promote the welfare of its citizens Today’s “Liberals” Fierce competition is the best formula for social progress Liberal vs. Conservative views dominate the 20th century. As the course goes on, have students keep in mind these two philosophies Look into a potential debate question for this topic (competition vs. government aide) When you analyze the progressive (liberal) vs. conservative agenda, you need to factor in the human element (morals- compassion vs. greed) Problem: It’s human nature to focus on #1: What is best for me? How do I progress?

38 Reform ECONOMIC POLITICAL SOCIAL
Social- urban sanitation, education, beautification, overcrowding, better sewage, safety measures

39 Problems Problems Harsh Working Conditions (pay, hours, safety)
Women’s Right to Vote Unsafe Drinking Water Poor Housing Crowded Cities Problems Unsafe Food Child Labor Progressive leaders came primarily from the white middle- and upper- classes and aimed to make changes at the local, state, and national levels Corrupt Businesses Corrupt City Officials Inadequate Public/Social Services

40 Tale of Two Cities

41 Clickers It is the role of government to ensure the
health and welfare of all citizens. It is the role of private organizations and charities to ensure the health and welfare of all citizens. C. It is the role of both government and private organizations to ensure the health and welfare of all citizens.

42 Clickers I agree with the need for big government
I think individual states should have more power I think we should only have big government when we are in a recession/depression and then afterwards scale back Anarchy!

43 Question Should government remain narrowly limited in its powers, or did the times require a more potent government that would actively shape society and secure American interests abroad?

44 Muckraking Muckrakers The exposing of evil became a flourishing
Investigative journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics, hoping to bring about reform The exposing of evil became a flourishing industry among American publishers Theodore Roosevelt coined the term “Muckraker” in 1906 McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, Everybodys, and later the American Magazine, gave muckrakers a wide audience and exposed the general public to the problems that the muckrakers addressed.

45 The Role of the Muckrakers
Activity The Role of the Muckrakers

46 Child Labor Reform Muckraker, Lewis Hine’s photographs of children in factories increased public demand for regulations Average Laborer in 1900 worked 10 hrs a day, 6 Days a week, for $1.50 a day (women and children less) Sweatshops were very common- especially in the garment and cigar industries

47 Working Conditions Women’s efforts to combat poor working conditions
National Consumers League (NCL) Adopted the “white label” Approved stores that met minimum wage and maximum work hour requirements and provided decent working conditions Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) Organized labor unions Tried to eliminate sweatshop conditions

48 Workplace Safety Reform
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Garment Factory in NYC (1911) Brought attention on the need to protect workers Outcry for worker safety and compensation Are tragic events still motivators for reforms? Why or why not? 146 employees (most young Jewish or Italian immigrant women) died in a fire that erupted in a rag bin Flammable fabric littered the floor, gas lighting, male workers could smoke in the factory, no modern fire extinguishers, a few buckets of water. In minutes, the 10-story building was ablaze The dead were the answer for more sanitary conditions and more safety precautions in the shops

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50 Women’s Activism Settlement house movement Curb Monopoly power
Opportunity to public life Curb Monopoly power Ida Tarbell helps break up Standard Oil Focused on moral and “maternal” issues Florence Kelly- one of nation’s leading advocates for improved factory conditions

51 Women’s Suffrage Nineteenth Amendment
Granted women the right to vote (1920) Why was the banner that was unveiled when the Russians visited President Wilson so effective in stirring public opinion? Without being able to vote, women had little influence on the politicians who could expand their rights and look after their interests Suffrage- right to vote How could America be a democracy if women could not vote? Reformers: Susan B. Anthony (1860’s), Alice Paul (1920’s), Carrie Catt (1920’s)

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53 Family Life Reform Temperance Movement Practice of never drinking
alcohol Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Led to Prohibition Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages and closed the nation’s saloons 18th Amendment (banned alcohol in 1919) 21st Amendment (repealed 18th amendment in 1933) Progressives felt that alcohol often led men to spend their earnings on liquor, neglect their families, abuse their wives, and commit crimes Advocates argued that drinking alcohol undermined the moral fabric of society and linked alcohol to corrupt politicians.

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57 "They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.“
Monopolies Standard Oil J.D. Rockefeller Taken down by Ida Tarbell Journalist Muckraker Wrote “The History of the Standard Oil Company” 2 years of research on the company Tarbell was careful to acknowledge Rockefeller's brilliance and the flawlessness of the business structure he had created. She did not condemn capitalism itself, but "the open disregard of decent ethical business practices by capitalists." "They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.“ - Ida Tarbell

58 Labor Unions Group of workers who organize to collectively negotiate with their employers: Wages Benefits Working Conditions If Demands weren’t met: Strikes Boycotts

59 American Labor Groups AFL IWW Led by Samuel Gompers
Believed only in skilled workers Led by William Haywood Supported all wage earners, regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or age Known as the “Wobblies” (seen as anarchists) ILGWU (International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union) Unskilled workers: mainly immigrants. Debs and the Wobblies common enemy was Gompers and the AFL.

60 Important Court Cases Muller v. Oregon Lochner v. New York
Law protected women workers “Weaker bodies” Discriminatory? Lochner v. New York Supreme Court ruled that New York law setting maximum working hrs for bakers was unconstitutional Lochner- The Court held that the Constitution prohibits states from interfering with most employment contracts because the right to buy and sell labor is a fundamental freedom protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

61 Election Reform Traditionally, party leaders picked candidates for state and local offices Progressives pushed for a Direct Primary The people vote to select nominees for upcoming elections Direct vote for Senators too Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Eliminated bribery and corruption Accountability Robert La Follette, as governor of Wisconsin ( ) and Wisconsin senator ( ), played an instrumental role in establishing direct primaries in his state and set an example for other states to follow. WI adopted the first direct primary law in He also pushed for an income tax as the only way to discipline the rich.

62 Election Reform (cont)
Initiative Gives voters the power to initiate, or introduce legislation (sign a petition) Referendum Voters can approve or reject existing laws Recall Voters can remove an elected official from office Initiative- if a certain percentage of voters in a state (5-15%) sign a petition, a proposed policy must be put on the ballot for public approval Progressive “good government” reformers helped to establish these procedures in state electoral systems along with the direct primary Direct election of U.S. senators became a favorite goal of progressives

63 Government Corruption
All levels of government were corrupt From City Hall to Wash DC Tax breaks/favors for gifts/campaign contributions What are some “special interest” groups today? State/Political Machines + Special Interests Who are special interest groups today? What are some examples? Any former Congressmen or Congresswomen part of any? Why is that controversial? Do you agree with it? Name some names 60 minutes video on Lobbyists

64 Crony Chronicles: I Want To Be A Crony

65 Quote “The greatest single hold of “the interests” is the fact that they are the ‘campaign contributors’…Who pays the big election expenses of you congress man, of the men you send to the legislature to elect senators? Do you imagine those who foot those huge bills are fools? Don’t you know that they make sure of getting their money back, with interest?”

66 Jack Abramoff- The Lobbyist’s Playbook (Nov 6, 2011)

67 Special Interests: Then and Now
Activity Special Interests: Then and Now

68 Why No Socialism in the U.S.?
Karl Marx believed that there would be a socialist revolution with the proletariat defeating the bourgeoisie and the end result being a classless society It didn’t happen…why? See pages Expected the first socialist revolution to occur in the U.S. Homestead, Haymarket, Pullman strikes made him believe it Eugene V. Debs organized the Socialist party in 1901 and won 6% of the vote in the election of 1912

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70 Food Safety Reform Regulation of meat, food, and drug industries
Upton Sinclair One of the most famous of the muckrakers Wrote “The Jungle” Reform Measures: Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Primary Source- The Jungle Newspaper articles blamed meatpackers for sickening U.S. troops in Cuba during the Spanish-American War by sending them unhealthy meat TR led that fight in Cuba and was president during the passing of the Meat Inspection Act

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72 Reforming Racism By 1910, segregation was the norm across the nation after Plessy v. Ferguson Progressivism was mainly a white, middle-class, Protestant Movement African American leaders demand reform Native Americans, Jewish Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans were also left out of some progressive reforms Although Progressives did enormous good, sometimes their viewpoints and beliefs led to prejudice and discrimination against non-whites and people of different religious and economic backgrounds

73 Response to Discrimination
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Believed black people must tolerate discrimination while they proved equal to white people. Believed that black people had to demand their social and civil rights Helped start the (NAACP) Locate a copy of the poem “Booker T. and W.E.B.” by Dudley Randall (1966). Discuss the work by analyzing its tone and point of view The NAACP was formed in reaction to the injustices of the time How did the views of Washington and Du Bois about the nature of civil rights differ? (pg. 565)

74 Primary Source W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk, (1903)
It is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s self through the eyes of others….One ever feels his two-ness- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.” Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery, (1901) “Among a large class, there seemed to be a dependence upon the government for every conceivable thing. The members of this class had little ambition to create a position for themselves, but wanted the federal officials to create one for them. How many times I wished then and have often wished since, that by some power of magic, I might remove the great bulk of these people into the country districts and plant them upon the soil – upon the solid and never deceptive foundation of Mother Nature, where all nations and races that have ever succeeded have gotten their start – a start that at first may be slow and toilsome, but one that nevertheless is real.” Booker T. Washington ( )- ex slave. Classic autobiography, Up from Slavery 1900 Recognizing the depths of southern white racism, he avoided the issue of social equality Economic independence was the ticket. W.E.B. DuBois ( ) said Booker T. was an “Uncle Tom”. He went to Harvard DuBois’ differences with Washington reflected the contrasting life experiences of southern and northern blacks

75 Child Labor Low Pay Long Working Hours Poor Working Conditions
Name That Reform Child Labor Low Pay Long Working Hours Poor Working Conditions

76 Old, Molded, Unhealthy Steak
Name That Reform Old, Molded, Unhealthy Steak

77 Name That Reform Corrupt Politicians who formed Political Machines to put those they want into power

78 Name That Reform What tragic event made politicians and business leaders realize they needed to provide better workplace safety and worker compensation?

79 Name That Reform Men spent their hard earned money on alcohol Men neglected their families Spousal abuse Crime Poor Morals

80 Progressivism was ultimately a successful movement
Question #1 Progressivism was ultimately a successful movement True False

81 Why was progressivism successful?
Question #2 Why was progressivism successful?

82 Why was progressivism unsuccessful?
Question #3 Why was progressivism unsuccessful?

83 Progressive Legacy Bigger federal government
Offers more protection to American’s private lives However, gains more control over people’s lives However, there is still corruption It is true that many of the problems identified by the Progressives still plague us today: There are still dishonest sellers, unfair employment practices, and problems in schools, cities, the environment, and public heath. However, the Progressive reformers passed on the idea that government can take action to help people fix those problems Need to consider the human element (morals- compassion vs. greed)

84 Crash Course- Progressives (12 min)


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