2. Political Structures in Southern India
After the Gupta Empire fell in 550 A.D., India entered a period of disunity for 1,000 years.
North and South India develop differently
South India has two kingdoms, The Chola kingdom and Vijayanagar.
Chola had a naval kingdom extending to Sri Lanka; accessed waterways of the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal (850 – 1267)
Reduced to a small kingdom when the natives of Sri Lanka kicked Chola rulers out of the island
Vijayanagar (“The victorious city) was established underneath the Delhi Sultanate (Northern India)
Later fell to Muslim kingdoms by 1500s
Political Structures in Southern India

3. Political Structures in Northern India
Mountain passes in Himalayas = Muslim invasions into Northern India
Under the Muslim caliphate, Islam had expanded into Central Asia (Turks)
4 Muslim invasions in total that significantly effected in India
Second invasion - Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the Punjab (Afghanistan/Pakistan)
Plundered Hindu/Buddhist temples – erected Mosques on Buddhist/Hindu grounds – did not endear the Indians to new Muslim lords
Islam has slow growth in India for years because of Ghazni
150 years later, Ghazni’s successors conquered North/Central India – called it the Delhi Sultanate
Never organized effect bureaucracy – made it difficult to administer vast groups of Indians
Foreign rule by Muslims caused resentment among many Northern Indians, especially when Muslim rulers enforced the jizya, or tax on non-Muslims to continue practicing their religion in peace
Political Structures in Northern India

5. Dar-al-Islam
Between 600 – 1500 A.D., Islam spread and dominated societies from North Africa to South Asia – Dar-al-Islam
Dar-al-Islam – House of Islam (Dar-al-Harb – House of War)
Islam expanded to due to military conquest, missionary efforts, and trade in the Indian Ocean Basin (Africa, Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asian Islands)
India – Fabrics, steel, leather
Malaysia/Indonesia (Spice Islands) – Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Cloves, etc.
Africa – Slaves, gold, ivory
China – Silk, Porcelain,
Southwest Asia – Horses, figs, dates, etc. (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia)

7. Indian Ocean Basin Trade (600 – 1500 A.D.)

8. Technology and Religion in South Asia
Traders relied on knowledge of Monsoon season to know when to sail the Indian Ocean
Powerful storm systems can thrash/tear apart ships – essential knowledge
Arab sailors favor lateen sails – aids in catching the wind
Chinese develop stern rudder – gives ships more stability
Arabs and Chinese use dhows and junks, small/maneuverable ships, to sail with more ease
Islam came to South Asia forcefully – later peacefully
Islam under Mahmud didn’t spread much because of destruction of Buddhist/Hindu temples
Buddhism lost membership due to raids/destruction early on; became a minority religion in India
Sufis – Muslim mystics who focus on personal connection to higher power rather than doctrine – experience more success in converting Hindus/Buddhists

10. Social Structures in South Asia
Islam did little to change social and gender structures in South Asia
The Caste System allows for jatis, or sub castes, to develop to fit
Muslim merchants and migrants – not Vaisyas, Kshatriyas or Sudras – somewhere in between
Low caste Hindus who converted to Islam to improve their social status usually didn’t achieve that goal – still required education and social connections for that
Hindu women were confined to separate social sphere - like in Islam
Depending on class, women could own shops or properties
Also, women who married Muslim merchants/migrants usually converted to their husband’s religion
Which could then limit their social freedoms as according to Muslim tradition

11. Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia – Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam
Indian merchants made contact circa 500 B.C. – exposed to Hinduism/Buddhism and Sanskrit
Biggest kingdom was Angkor (Khmer) in Cambodia
Founded by Mekong River – had advanced irrigation systems
Able to harvest rice several times a year (instead of once)
Hindu/Buddhist influences noticeable especially in the temple complex of Angkor Wat (which is now a UNESCO World Heritage site)
In 1451, the Thai people (from modern day Thailand) invaded and forced the Khmers out of Angkor
A testament to the influence of Indian culture (Hinduism/Buddhism) in Southeast Asia

13. Khajurahao Western India Hindu Temple
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, India
(Buddhist)
Angkor Wat, Cambodia

14. Dar-al-Islam Map
Students will draw and label the Old World on a sheet of white paper (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean)
Students will label key regions and cities found in Dar-al-Islam – make this easier by looking up “Dar-al-Islam map” in search engine
Regions: North Africa, West Africa, Eastern African Coastline, Al -Andalus, Anatolia, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Central Asia, Delhi Sultanate, Spice Islands (Malacca)
Cities: Granada, Cordoba, Marrakech, Fez, Timbuktu, Gao, Cairo, Mogadishu, Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, Mecca, Medina, Qum, Damascus, Baghdad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz, Nishapur, Bukhara, Kabul, Samarkand, Ghazna, Delhi, Jaunpur, Golkonda, Bidar, Malacca

15. Dar-al-Islam Map (Cont.)
4. Students will research and write down what Dar-al-Islam is, what regions belong to it historically, and the difference between Dar-al-Islam and Dar-al-Harb (shouldn’t be more than a paragraph in length)
Can write it below drawn map or on back of white paper
Color land under Dar-al-Islam one color, lands outside of it another color, and water bodies another color (3 colors in total)
6. Submit assignment when done!!