1. Chapter 13, 14, 15, and 16
Ecology
All information for this powerpoint was retrieved from McDougall Littell Biology book by Stephen Nowicki copyright 2008 by McDougall Littell a Houghton Mifflin Company
Some of the notes slides were retrieved from the power presentation slides from the Pwer presentation CD ROM from McDougall Littell.

2. Warm Up ( )
What do you think the word ecology means?

3. Outline
Objectives
Population Dynamics Lab Set Up
Ecology Notes

4. Objectives Students will be able to explain the principles of ecology
Students will identify the levels of organization within ecosystems

5. Population Dynamics Lab Set Up

6. Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology
Ecologists study relationships
Ecology: study of relationships among organisms and their environment
Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
biome

8. Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology
Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling
Observation: carefully watching something over time
Direct Surveys – species that are easy to follow
Indirect Surveys – species that are difficult to track
Experimentation: perform experiments in the lab or in the field
Lab experiments conducted in a controlled, indoor environment
Field experiment is performed where the organisms live
Modeling: computer and mathematical models to describe and model nature

9. Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology
Quadrats and Population size
Demonstrate quadrat use and creation
Quadrats are used to sample populations
T = NA
T = total population estimate
N = #of individuals counted / # of quadrats
A = total area / area of quadrats

10. Warm Up ( )
What are the different levels of organization for environments that ecologists study?

11. Outline Objectives Population Dynamics Lab Ch. 13.1 Read / Notes
Ecology Video???

12. Objectives Students will be able to explain the principles of ecology
Students will identify the levels of organization within ecosystems

13. Gather Data – Population Dynamics Lab

14. Warm Up ( )
Explain what producers and consumers are in terms of ecosystems. Try to give some examples of each in your answer.

15. Outline Objectives Population Dynamics Lab – Data Collection
13.2 Read / Notes
Plant Radish Seeds – Abiotic Factors and Plant Growth

16. Objectives
Students will identify the difference between abiotic and biotic factors
Students will develop an experiment to test the affects of abiotic factors on plant growth

17. Abiotic Factors and Plant Growth
Problem: How do abiotic factors affect plant growth?
Procedure:
Choose an abiotic factor to test on the growth of radish seedlings. Possible factors include amount of sunlight, amount of water, soil type, light color available to plants, or amount of fertilizer
Determine a way to vary the factor you have chosen. Be sure to include at least three different settings of your variable and to keep all other factors constant. Write out a procedure for your investigation.
Obtain 4 plants. Label one “control” and the remaining, A, B, and C
Measure the height of your control and variable plants over a period of seven days. Use the same method to repeat measurements each day. Be sure to keep plants watered.
Record all data you generate in a well-organized data table.

18. Warm Up (4-30-15) Explain what you think an autotroph is.
What do you think the word heterotroph means?
**Try to break the words apart to understand their meaning.

19. Outline Objectives Population dynamics lab – data collection
13.3 / 13.4 Reading and Notes

20. Objectives Students will explain how energy cycles in an ecosystem
Students will be able to identify the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give examples of each.
Students will collect data from their population dynamics lab

21. 13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors
Biotic: living things (plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria)
Abiotic: nonliving things (moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil)
Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors
Biodiversity: assortment or variety of living things in an ecosystem.

22. 13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Keystone species: species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem
Look at the figure on page 404 – creation of ecosystem by one species.

23. 13.3 Energy In Ecosystems
Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy
Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem
Producers: get energy from nonliving resources (make their own food)
Autotrophs
Consumers: get their energy from eating other living or once-living resources
heterotrophs

24. 13.3 Energy In Ecosystems
Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis – organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals as an energy source

27. http://www. pmel. noaa. gov/eoi/nemo/education/images/chemosynthesis

28. 13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs
Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem
A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships
Food chain – sequence that links species by their feeding relationships
Types of consumers
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
decomposers

29. 13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs
Types of consumers
Specialists – consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feeds on a very small number of organisms
Generalists – consumers that have a varying diet
Trophic Levels
Levels of nourishment in a food chain
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

30. 13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs
A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships
Food web – model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem
Look at the figure on page 410

31. Food Webs and Food Chains
Arrows follow the flow of energy
Shows the feeding relationships between organisms
Let’s Practice!

32. Warm Up (5-1-15)
Explain the difference between food webs and food chains.

33. Outline
Objectives
Food Web and Food Chain Creation

34. Objectives
Students will use background information and knowledge of food webs and food chains to create their own food webs and food chains based on the organisms they observe in various areas around the school.

35. Food Web and Food Chain Creation
For this activity, you need to prove that you are a master of food web and food chain creation.
We will be going outside to observe different locations.
You will need to make a list of organisms at each of these locations
When we come back inside we will be creating food webs and food chains
These will need to be colored and have drawings of each of the organisms.
I am not grading artistic ability but I do expect valiant effort on the drawings

37. Warm Up (5-4-15)
Explain what would happen if one organism was removed from a food web. Describe the impact.

38. Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth
13.5 and 13.6 Reading / Notes

39. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

40. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem
Water cycles through the environment
Hydrologic cycle – the water cycle

41. 13.5 Cycling of Matter
Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycle – movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological (living and nonliving) parts of an ecosystem
Oxygen cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle

42. Carbon Cycle

43. Nitrogen cycle

44. Phosphorus Cycle

45. 13.6 Pyramid Models
Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels
Biomass – measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
Energy pyramid – energy is lost at each stage of a food chain.
Diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels

46. Energy Pyramid

48. Biomass Pyramid

50. 13.6 Pyramid Models
Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms

51. Warm Up (5-5-15)
Explain what a biomass pyramid is, and how the information arranged in this pyramid would be helpful to scientists.

52. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

53. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

54. Warm Up (5-6-15)
Choose one of the other abiotic factors that we have discussed and write a hypothesis of how that factor will affect plant growth.

55. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

56. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

57. Warm Up (5-7-15)
PLEASE TURN IN YOUR FINAL ESSAY!! IT IS DUE TODAY!! What are some results that you predict will happen from our abiotic factors affecting plant growth experiment?

58. Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth
FINAL PAPER ESSAY DUE!!!!!!!!!

59. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

60. Warm Up (5-8-15)
Identify the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Explain how biotic factors can influence organisms within an ecosystem.

61. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

62. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

63. Warm Up ( )
What are some questions you still have about the information we have covered about evolution and ecology?

64. Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth
Review Evolution and Ecology

65. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

66. Warm Up ( )
Write down everything you can remember about evolution and ecology units.
(Think about the origin of life, the evolution of humans, the relationships between organisms, food webs, food chains)

67. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

68. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

69. Warm Up ( )
What are some general science questions that you have and would like to be answered?

70. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

71. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

72. Warm Up ( )
Write down one thing that you thought you did really well during this semester that helped you take responsibility for your own grade.

73. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

74. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

75. Warm Up ( )
Write down one thing that was difficult about the past semester but that still helped you learn.

76. Outline
Objectives
Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

77. Objectives
Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth
Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.