1. Ch. 3 The molecule of cells
The “A” TEAM
Ch. 3 The molecule of cells

2. Great work! Period 2: Period 5: Period 1: Period 4: Danniel Barte
Gia Difede
Julian Garcia
Amaya John
Josh Poon
Period 5:
Belinda De Tullio
Kyle Fuentes
Joaquin Pazmino
Anthony Silin
Period 1:
David Adams
Shannon Amor
Ahmari Avin
Sean Byam
Guiliana Chiquito
Maria-Noelia Herne
Harry Zarcadoolas
Period 4:
Emily Danzinger
Eric Tobon

3. Chapter 4
A View of the Cell

4. Cellular Organization
Tissue – group of cells functioning together.
Organ – group of tissues functioning together.
Organ System – group of organs functioning together.
Organism – group of organ systems functioning together.

5. How did people get sick in the 15th century?

6. Redi and Spontaneous Generation
Spontaneous generation: the idea that living organisms generate from nonliving matter, as inferred from rotting meat giving rise to maggots (fly larvae) Animation of Redi’s experiment

7. The History of the Cell The Cell The basic unit of an organism
Discovery made possible by the invention of the microscope
Scientists Animation

8. Microscopes and Cells
Robert Hooke used the first compound microscope to view thinly sliced cork cells.
Hooke was the first to use the term “cell”.

9. Microscopes and Cells 1600’s:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek first described living cells as seen through a simple microscope.

10. Microscopes and Cells 1830’s:
Mathias Schleiden identified the first plant cells and concluded that all plants
made of cells.
- Thomas Schwann made the same conclusion about animal cells.

11. Cell Theory:
All organisms are made up of one or more cells. (Schleiden, Schwann, Hooke)
The cell is the basic unit of all organisms. (Hooke, Leeuwenhoek)
All cells come from other pre-existing cells. (Virchow)

12. Types of Microscopes Used Today:
Light Microscope:
uses a beam of light to produce image; LIVING tissue/organisms
Compound Light microscope: multiple lenses (scanning, low, high power)
Electron Microscope: uses an electron beam to produce image; more powerful than light; for NON-LIVING things
Scanning (SEM): external surface of cells
Transmission (TEM): internal structures of cells

13. Electron microscopes

14. Microscope Images Light microscope Scanning e- microscope
Transmission e- microscope
Scanning e- microscope

15. Everyday things under a scanning electron microscope

16. Why are cells so small?
a. Efficiency:  smaller cells have larger surface area , smaller volume
b. Specialization: Having numerous small cells permits specialization
*The bigger the difference between surface area : volume ratio, the more efficient the cell. (Ex. 6:1 is better than 2:1)

17. Cube Surface area = L X W x 6 sides
As an object increases in size, its volume increases, while surface area increases as well.
Cube Surface area = L X W x 6 sides
Volume = L X W X H
As these cubes illustrate, the surface area to volume ratio of a small object is larger than that of a large object of similar shape
This ratio limits how large cells can be

18. Goal: Students will be able to compare and contrast the structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; plant and animal cells.
Plant
Animal
Eukaryotes
(Protists,
*Animal, Plant,
Fungi)
Prokaryotes
(Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria)

19. Two Basic Cell Types Prokaryotes Lacks internal compartments.
No true nucleus.
Most are single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
Have circular DNA and ribosomes
Have cell wall
Examples: bacteria

20. A general prokaryotic cell

22. Two Basic Cell Types Eukaryotes
Includes plant, animal, fungi and protists
Has several internal structures (organelles).
True nucleus: DNA is encapsulated
Either unicellular or multicellular.
unicellular example: yeast
multicellular examples: most plants and animals

23. Eukaryotic Cell

26. Cell Organelles
Internal structures of a cell that help it maintain functioning and homeostasis

27. (cell membrane) *ALL CELLS! Plasma Membrane
Serves as a boundary between the cell and its external environment.
Regulates the materials that pass in and out of the cell.
Made up of 2 layers of phospholipids with proteins (phospholipid bilayer)

28. *ALL CELLS!
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like material that surrounds the organelles.
Fluid space between organelles that help with movement of materials in the cell.

30. *ALL CELLS!
Ribosomes
Float around the cell but are mostly attached to the Rough E.R. (give the rough ER it’s “rough” or bumpy appearance)
Center for making proteins – for enzymes, structural support, antibodies, etc.

33. ALL Prokaryotes; SOME Eukaryotes!
Cell Wall
Only found in certain cells - plants, bacteria, and fungi.
Extra layer of support surrounding the plasma membrane
Plant cell walls contain cellulose while fungi cell walls contain chitin.

34. ALL Prokaryotes; SOME Eukaryotes!
Cilia
Short, numerous, hair-like projections from the plasma membrane.
Move with a coordinated beating action.
Flagella
Longer, less numerous projections from the plasma membrane.
Move with a whiplike action.

36. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Nucleus
Regulates all of the cell’s functions.
Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclear envelope) with large pores (nuclear pores) that allow only certain materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.
Contains chromatin – long tangles of DNA wrapped around protein
Nucleolus Found in the nucleus and responsible for ribosome production.

38. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Endoplasmic reticulum
Folded membrane that acts as the cell’s delivery system of materials made in the cell.
Smooth E.R. contains enzymes for lipid synthesis.
Rough E.R. is surrounded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

39. Smooth ER- Lipid synthesis

40. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY! Golgi bodies (or Golgi apparatus)
A series of flattened sacs where newly made lipids and proteins from the E.R. are repackaged and shipped to the plasma membrane for export out cell or to parts inside the cell where they are needed.

42. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Vacuoles
A sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used to store food, fluid, or waste products.
Plants- one large, central vacuole that help maintain cell shape and smaller vacuoles around rest of the cell.
Animals- small vacuoles throughout the cell

44. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Lysosomes
Bubbles of phospholipids containing digestive enzymes
Can fuse with vacuoles to digest food, or can digest worn cell parts, or microorganisms invading the cell.
Also known as “suicide sacs” because they can also destroy the whole cell.
Tay- Sachs disease

46. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Mitochondria
Produce the energy for the cell in the form of ATP.
Also known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
Has a highly folded inner membrane (cristae).

48. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Chloroplasts
Found in plant cells and some protists.
Transforms light energy into chemical energy which is stored in food molecules; where photosynthesis takes place.
Contain chlorophyll – a green pigment that traps light energy and gives plants their green color.

50. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Cytoskeleton
A network of thin, fibrous materials that act as a scaffold and support the organelles.
Microtubules – hollow filaments of protein.
Microfilaments – solid filaments of protein.

51. Types of Cytoskeleton

52. *EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!
Centrioles
made of protein.
play a role in splitting the cell into two cells during mitosis (cell division process)
found in animal and fungi cells.

53. Flagella nucleolus Nucleus Chromosomes Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Mitochondrion
Picture adapted from Access Excellence’ rescource center:
Golgi apparatus
Centrioles
Cilia

54. Review Questions
Which of these is not a type of cell? a) bacterium; b) amoeba; c) sperm; d) virus
A prokaryotic cell would NOT have which of these structures? a) ribosome; b) nucleus; c) cell membrane; d) cell wall
Ribosomes are cellular structures involved in ____. a) photosynthesis; b) chemosynthesis; c) protein synthesis; d) carbohydrate synthesis
The earliest microscopes used to image the specimens. a) high energy electron beams; b) interatomic forces; c) low energy electron beams; d) light
Plant cells have ___ and ___, which are not present in animal cells. a) mitochondria, chloroplasts; b) cell membranes, cell walls; c) chloroplasts, nucleus; d) chloroplasts, cell wall
The ___ is the membrane enclosed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the DNA of the cell. a) mitochondrion; b) chloroplast; c) nucleolus; d) nucleus
The mitochondrion functions in ____. a) lipid storage; b) protein synthesis; c) photosynthesis; d) DNA replication; e) ATP synthesis
Which of these cellular organelles have their own DNA? a) chloroplast; b) nucleus; c) mitochondrion; d) all of these
Answers 1.D 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.d 7.d 8.e 9.d

55. Goal: Students will be able to compare and contrast the structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; plant and animal cells.
Plant
Animal
Eukaryotes
(Protists,
Animal, Plant,
Fungi)
Prokaryotes
(Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria)