1. Chapter 1 New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1783
225 Million Years Ago –
Pangaea started to break apart

2. Geological Changes
10 million years ago North America was shaped by nature
2 million years ago Great Ice Age
35,000 years ago the sea level dropped leaving an isthmus connecting Asia and North America (Bering Strait)
10,000 years ago ice started to retreat and melt which once again covered the land bridge from the Old World to the New World

3. Evidence suggests that early people may have come to the Americas in crude boats or across Bering Strait
Maybe 50 million people arrived
Incas in Peru
Mayans in Central America
Aztecs in Mexico
Pueblos in Southwest America

4. Other “Native” groups: Mound Builders, Anasazi, Iroquois Confederacy (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) Led by Hiawatha

5. Aztec cultural characteristics
Maize cultivation
Mathematicians
Human sacrifice

6. The Vikings
1000 AD Norsemen land at New Found land
Leif Ericson

7. How to get the goods to Europe and around Arab Middlemen?
Christian Crusaders
How to get the goods to Europe and around Arab
Middlemen?
On their way to conquer the Holy Land, the Crusaders discovered many goods not found in Europe. (Silks, perfumes, spices, sugar, drugs)

8. Marco Polo and his exploration of China?
Book of Marco Polo

9. Europeans Enter Africa
People of Europe were able to reach sub-Saharan Africa around 1450 when the Portuguese invented the caravel, a ship that could sail into the wind. This ship allowed sailors to sail back up the western coast of Africa and back to Europe.

10. The Portuguese set up trading posts along the African coast trading with slaves and gold, trading habits that were originally done by the Arabs and Africans. The Portuguese shipped the slaves back to Spain and Portugal where they worked on the sugar plantations.

11. Portuguese slave trade begins modern plantation labor system, begins African Diaspora

12. Early Portuguese Explorers
1488 Bartholomeau
Dias rounds the tip of
Africa
Dias’s trip

13. Vasco de Gama
In 1498 reaches India

14. Meanwhile the nation state of Spain was united by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, and with the expulsion of the Moors. Spain wanted to challenge Portugal for exploration and colonization supremacy.

15. Christopher Columbus
From Italy, by way of Portugal, Columbus gets leaders of Spain to finance voyage of discovery. In his three ships, Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria, Columbus sails west to get east.
He lands in the Bahamas in 1492.

16. Columbian Exchange
As a result of Columbus’ voyages four continents are impacted. Old World provided the markets, capital and technology (printing press, mariner’s compass and caravel.

17. Columbian Exchange
Europe provides the markets, capital, mariner’s compass, caravel

18. Columbian Exchange
Africa provided the labor while the New World offered raw material….especially the soil

19. Columbian Exchange New World Old World Gold / Silver
Corn /potato / pineapple / tomato / tobacco /beans / vanilla / chocolate
Syphillis
Wheat / sugar / rice / coffee
Horses / cows / pigs
Smallpox / measles / bubonic plague / influenza / typhus / scarlet fever

20. Spain v. Portugal
With the Treaty of Tordesillas (Papal Line of Demarcation) in which Spain and Portugal divided up “their claims” to the known world, Spain claimed land to the West of Europe while Portugal claimed East towards Asia and Africa. Portugal also had a claim to what would be modern day Brazil.

21. Spanish conquistadors
Conquistadors search for power and glory.
Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan is first to circumvent the globe, actually only his ship Victoria makes it back.

22. Spanish conquistadors
Juan Ponce de Leon searches in Tierra Florida, or land of the flowers.
Think Fountain of Youth

23. Spanish conquistadors
Francisco Coronado explores in Southwest America searching for fabled seven cities of gold (Cibola)

24. Spanish Conquistadors
Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River while Francisco Pizarro (pictured) conquered the Incas of Peru

25. Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes conquered Aztecs, who were led by Emperor Montezuma

26. Spanish Conquistadors (continued)
Don Juan de Onate searched in the New Mexico area
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo searched in the California area

27. The Spanish in the New World
St. Augustine 1565
Sante Fe New Mexico 1609

28. All a Black Legend? Positives Negatives
Hundreds of cities / cathedrals / spread of religion
Pope’s Rebellion
Genocide?