1. Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U. S
Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory over the whole of North America and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences.
Political:
Expand Democracy – Americans believed it was their mission to expand democracy and be an example for the rest of the world
Security – occupying the entire middle part of the continent, from coast to coast, would discourage threats from other countries such as England, Spain and Russia

2. Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U. S
Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory over the whole of North America and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences.
Economic:
Americans believed that future prosperity depended on the land and wealth gained from westward expansion. The success of farmers in Texas and the discovery of gold in California encouraged this belief

3. Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U. S
Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory over the whole of North America and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences.
Social:
The pioneer spirit – seen as the perfect example of American Individualism. Americans admired the rugged pioneers who braved the wilderness and relied on themselves.
The Romanticizing of the West – Americans idealized the west in paintings (Hudson River School), music, literature, and later, movies

4. We are destined to control North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific!

5. Things to do...
Buy Louisiana from France
Convince Spain to give us Florida
Organize our border with Canada
Get Texas to join
Get Oregon all to ourselves
Steal half of Mexi... Oops, I mean defend ourselves against Mexico (and hopefully get California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah...)
Buy Gadsden Purchase for a railroad

6. (or we’ll settle for the 49th, I guess)
If we don’t get Oregon all the way North to 54⁰ 40’ parallel, we will FIGHT!
(or we’ll settle for the 49th, I guess)
James K. Polk:
11th President of the United States.  Number 1 campaign promise: gain total U.S. control over Oregon.  
A Jacksonian Democrat, his nickname was: “Little Hickory”
One campaign slogan was: “54° 40’ or Fight!”
Said he would serve one term only, then retire. (Which he did!)
President Polk

7. Manifest Destiny Sucks!

8. War with Mexico! Causes: Effects:
Manifest Destiny - U.S. felt it was their destiny to control N. America and Mexico was in the way
Annexation of Texas – Mexico still claimed Texas, Texas and the U.S. regarded Texas as independent
Border dispute – U.S. says Rio Grande; Mexico says Nueces
Soldiers clash in the disputed area
Effects:
U.S. invades Mexico
After Mexico City falls Mexico cedes their northern territory to the U.S.
U.S. now possesses what is now California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and parts of other states
The border between the two countries is set at the Rio Grande
There were conflicts Britain, as well!! (But not war)

9. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Details: Effect on National Security:
U.S. had a treaty with Spain to use New Orleans. When Spain gave Louisiana back to France, the U.S. had no treaty
Jefferson offers to buy just New Orleans; Napoleon offers the whole territory for $5 million more. Total cost = $15 million
U.S. Doubles in size
Effect on National Security:
U.S. Now controls New Orleans
U.S. controls entire Mississippi River and its tributaries
U.S. now has a large “buffer zone” between her populated areas (mostly east coast) and New Spain

10. Adams-Onis Treaty Details:
Seminole Indians were raiding U.S. from Spanish Florida
Jackson takes Spanish forts in his crackdown on the Seminoles
Monroe offers to buy Florida, since Spain is unwilling or unable to maintain control there
Spain wants to get rid of Florida because its power is weakening in the Americas and it needs to put more resources into controlling her other colonies
U.S. gains Florida!
Spain and U.S. formalize the borders between New Spain and Louisiana Purchase Territory

11. Trans-continental Railroad
More people and more goods are able to travel faster (6 months in a covered wagon from Missouri to west coast vs. 1-2 weeks by train)
Towns spring up along rail lines
Western farms expand because trains provide a market back east for their crops and livestock

12. GOLD!!!! Discovered near San Francisco, California in 1848
In 1849 thousands rush to California hoping to strike it rich. They are known as “49ers”
California’s population triples in about 10 years
While most do not find gold, California’s temperate climate and fertile soil allow many to become successful as farmers and ranchers
Cities develop as a result of the large migration

13. Urbanization in the North:
Poor soil + long, cold winters = little agriculture
Long, cold winters + fast moving streams + a willing workforce = power and labor for factories
Factories = need for large labor force near by
Large numbers of people living near each other = cities

14. Foreign Policy: (noun) a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.
National Objective of the U.S. in 1840s: Manifest Destiny
Result?
Treaty with Britain over Oregon Territory
After a threat of war (remember, “54⁰ 40’ or FIGHT!”)
Border set at the 49th parallel
War with Mexico
After trying to buy California and New Mexico, Polk picks a fight
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war
U.S. gains huge tract of land from Mexico

15. Physical Geography and Manifest Destiny:
Natural borders: Rivers, mountains, oceans, deserts
Control Mississippi = control of inland water ways
Ocean borders protect against foreign invasion
Isolation from Europe by Atlantic keeps U.S. out of European wars (until WWI, anyway)

16. Acquisitions in chronological order:
British Cession 1818
Oregon Territory 1846
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Treaty of Paris 1783
13 original colonies
Mexican Cession 1848
Gadsden Purchase 1853
Texas Annexation 1845
Florida Cession 1819

17. Acquisitions: How obtained Purchased for $15 million
Treaty negotiations
Treaty negotiations
Purchased for $15 million
Revolution
13 original colonies
War of conquest
Purchased
$10 million
Annexation
Adams-Onis Treaty+
$5 million

18. Border between U.S. and Louisiana Territory = Mississippi River
Rocky Mountains
Great Plains

19. Mormons found Salt Lake City, Utah
Gold Discovered near San Francisco, CA

20. Proclamation Line of 1763 drawn along the Appalachian Mountains

21. TEKS 8.21A: identify different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important historical and contemporary issues
Nativism: a policy or belief that protects or favors the interest of the native population of a country over the interests of immigrants.

22. Know-Nothings (The American Party):
a political party that arose in the mid 1800s in reaction to the large number of mostly Irish, Catholic immigrants. They proposed denying suffrage and citizenship to Catholics.
Anti-Catholic (feared that if Catholics were elected they would be controlled by the Pope – too much like a king)
Anti-Irish (Most Irish immigrants were Catholic)
Anti-immigrant (Though they made it sound like they only wanted to protect democracy, it seems more that they feared the changes immigrants brought with them to the society.)
Also Anti-alcohol (Not all temperance reformers were Know Nothings.)

23. Definition: Melting pot is a concept referring to a society becoming more unified with the different elements “melting together” into a harmonious whole with a common culture. It is most commonly used to describe the assimilation [blending in] of immigrants to the United States.

24. Push: not enough land, jobs, religious freedom
TEKS 8.23A: identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups that settled in the United States and explain their reasons for immigration
Country of Origin
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Britain
Push: not enough land, jobs, religious freedom
Pull: Land, jobs, freedom, adventure
Ireland
Push: Famine, oppression
Pull: Jobs, food, religious freedom
Chinese
political turmoil in China
Economic opportunity, the Gold Rush
European Jews
Religious persecution in Russia, Poland, Germany, Romania and other countries
Jobs, religious freedom
Germany
Push:, High rent/land prices political unrest, some religious persecution
Pull: Good, inexpensive farmland

25. Britain Ireland Chinese European Jews Germany Country of Origin
Contributions to economic and demographic growth:
Where did they settle? What did they do?
Britain
Established colonies, then the U.S., contributed to politics, religion, education, agriculture
Established English colonies along East coast, settled throughout North America
Ireland
Catholic numbers grow, Nativism increases, by second and third generation the Irish are involved in government, police, and fire departments
Settled in eastern cities where they arrived; Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, worked in factories, railroads, military, as maids, nannies
Chinese
Miners, construction, railroads
California, west coast, inland with the railroad
European Jews
Factory workers, education, banking, law, arts
Various towns in mostly eastern U.S., Charleston, New York, Baltimore
Germany
Various Protestant denominations, cultural aspects, farmers, factory workers, often brought co-immigrants from home towns and villages
West: Wisconsin, Michigan, Missouri, Texas