1. Invasive Species Threat
                                           
              
                   
Northern hardwood forest ecosystems are
threatened by invasive species
                     
         
                  
From Michigan Technological University

2. Global Trade Introduction
Global trade facilitates introduction of alien species into habitats free from natural predators
From The Global Invasive Species Programme

3. Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis
First discovered in North America in 1996
From Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat”
From Bob Childs, University of Massachusetts Extension

4. Means of Introduction
Transported to North America as eggs and larvae embedded in wooden shipping crates from China
                           
From The Bugwood Network

5. Countries of Origin Native to China, Japan and Korea
Serious orchard and forest pest
Native predators include
Nematodes
Woodpeckers
Parasites

6. North American Host Species
Primary host trees include species of
Maple (Acer)
Poplar (Populus)
Willow (Salix)
From Ohio State University

7. Sugar Maple Preference
Asian longhorned beetles prefer sugar maple hosts
because of the high sugar content of their sap
From The University of Vermont

9. Egg Deposition Damage Oviposition site Sap oozing from egg niche
From USDA
Sap oozing from egg niche
Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project

10. Damage to Bark and Cambium
Female beetles chew pits in the bark of trees and deposit one egg per niche in the inner bark
Each female beetle lays an average of 70 eggs during her lifetime

11. Larval Damage
                                        
From USDA
From USDA
From The Bugwood Network

12. Damage to Cambium, Phloem, Xylem, Heartwood
As the beetle larvae grow, they pass through a series of instars or developmental stages
Young larvae feed on the cambium and damage the phloem or nutrient-conducting vessels of the tree
Older larvae feed on the sapwood and damage the xylem or water-conducting vessels of the tree
Mature larvae create burrowing galleries in the heartwood that structurally damage the tree

13. Adult Beetle Damage
                          
Exit holes
                                       
                                        
Feeding damage
                                        
From The Bugwood Network

14. Damage to Leaves, Petioles, Shoots, Bark
After pupating in the heartwood, adult beetles bore tunnels through the tree and emerge from exit holes in the bark
Heavy beetle infestations kill trees

15. Difficult to Control
The majority of the beetle’s life is protected within its host tree
                                        
Overwinter as egg,
larva or pupa
Feed and reproduce
during the summer
From The Bugwood Network

16. Sugar Maples Dominate Northern Hardwood Forests
From Photo Net: Leping Zha

17. Threat to American Beech
                         
                         
Healthy
Damage
from scale insects
                     
and fungi
From the University of South Florida
From USDA Forest Service
                                      

18. Threat to Eastern Hemlock
Damage
Healthy
from woolly adelgid
From Kingston Field Naturalists
From Global Invasive Species Database

19. Annual Costs
Economic losses and control of invasive species cost the United States $138 billion annually
From USDA Forest Service

20. Invasive Species Eradication
                                       
Inspection
Tree removal
Adult trapping
From USDA APHIS
From The Bugwood Network

21. From USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

22. References
Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat: The Asian Longhorned Beetle in Greater Toronto", Toronto Urban Forestry Services, September 2004,
Houston, David R. and James T. O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75: Beech Bark Disease, April 1998,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle, August 2008,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: A Snapshot of the Northeastern Forests, October 2005,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Asian Longhorned Beetle,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Last updated 15 August 2008,
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Profile: Tsuga Canadensis,
University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service, USDA APHIS PPQ, Invasive and Exotic Species: Asian long-horned beetle, Last updated 25 August 2008,
University of Vermont, Entomology Research Laboratory, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Last updated September 2008,
Virginia Tech, Department of Forestry, American beech,
Zilahi-Balogh, Gabriella, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Invasive Species Database: Adelges tsugae, Last updated 9 February 2007,