1. Cardiovascular System
Clinical Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.

2. General Circulation: Topic Objectives
Be able to explain the flow of blood and lymph through the body
Be able to list the blood vessels of the body and their functions including capillary types
Be able to assess the effects of blood vessels on BP and blood flow
Be able to predict the affect of atherosclerosis on BP
Be able to calculate pulse pressure, CO and mean arterial pressure
Be able to describe the relationships between Korotkoff sounds and SP and DP

3. General Circulatory System
Cardiovascular
Consists of a closed system of vessels which transport blood
Two circuits: Systemic and Pulmonary
Arteries move blood away from the heart
Veins move blood toward the heart

4. General Circulatory System
Lymphvascular –moves lymph
Consist of blind end tubes which collect interstitial fluid (now called lymph) and returns it to circulation
The lymph is cleaned before returned to the blood vessels

5. Blood Vessels Arteries –conduct blood away from heart
Elastic arteries, Muscular arteries, arterioles
Veins –conduct blood toward heart
Venules, small and large veins
Capillaries –thinnest blood vessel; used in exchange, is the functional unit of circulatory system (Microcirculation)
AV shunts, metarterioles, pre-capillary sphincters, and capillary bed

6. Blood Vessels Types

7. Vessel Anatomy

8. Capillary Anatomy
Three types: tight, fenestrated and sinusoids

9. Capillary Types Tight Capillary Fenestrated Capillary
Sinusoidal Capillary

10. Capillary Bed

11. Forces Affecting Bulk Flow across the Capillary Wall

12. Arteries and Veins
Arteries are known as resistance vessels, especially the arterioles
Arteries withstand the greatest BP
Veins are capacitance vessels, they are able to change the diameter to hold more or less blood

13. BP through Vascular Tree
Small changes in arteriolar diameter produce big changes in resistance; termed total peripheral resistance (TPR)

14. TPR (total peripheral resistance)
TPR is the opposition to blood flow through the vessel (caused by friction)
Arteries with their smaller lumen resist blood flow
Arteriolar diameter contribute the most to TPR
Arteriolar compliance (the ability of the vessel to distend) controls the TPR
Sympathetic innervation controls arteriolar radius
The viscosity of the blood also affects resistance

15. Blood Flow Velocity in Vascular Tree

16. Blood Flow Changes During Exercise

18. Atherosclerotic plaque

19. Pressure Points

20. Skeletal Muscle Pump

21. Blood Pressure BP = SP/DP
Systolic Pressure (SP) –the pressure in the artery during systole
Diastolic Pressure (DP) –the pressure in the artery during diastole
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (weighted average) MAP = DP + 1/3 (PP)
Pulse Pressure (PP) = SP - DP
MAP = CO x TPR
CO = HR * SV

23. SP DP