1. Bacteria

2. What are Bacteria?
Prokaryotes - Cells that do not have their DNA contained in a nucleus (All Bacteria!)
There are two Kingdoms of unicellular prokaryotic organisms:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria (“eu” meaning true bacteria).

3. Archaebacteria
In their own domain Archaea because they are so different molecularly from true bacteria.
They are prokaryotic, unicellular and live in extreme environments (no oxygen, high salt, high temperatures, etc.)
Their cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan.

4. Eubacteria In the Domain Bacteria.
They are prokaryotic, unicellular, and live all over the world, around, in and on organisms (yes, all inside of you!)
Their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.

5. Parts of Bacteria
Plasma (cell) membrane- selectively permeable for material exchange
Cell Wall- made of peptidoglycan in Eubacteria
DNA- contained in a “nucleoid region”
Pili- small protein extensions used to anchor themselves OR sex pili aide in exchanging DNA
Flagella- whip-like tail for movement
Ribosomes- translate genetic material into proteins

7. Classification- shapes
Coccus (cocci, pl.) -round shape, can be in a line (streptococcus), in a clump like grapes (staphylococcus)
Baccillus (bacillis, pl.)- rod shaped
Spirillum (spirilli, pl.)- corkscrew shaped
Draw this in your notes
Draw this in your notes
Draw this in your notes

8. Coccus
Spirillum
Bacillus

9. Classification- Gram staining
Bacteria are also identified by how THICK their cell wall is. Scientists use a method called Gram staining to identify certain kinds of bacteria.
Gram + : bacteria stains purple, meaning they have a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan
Gram - : bacteria stains light pink (or red), meaning they have a thin wall of peptidoglycan

10. Metabolism
Bacteria can be classified by how they obtain energy and use it. They can be…
heterotrophs (must consume food)
autotrophs (can make their own food).
Chemoautotroph – make their own food starting with inorganic molecules
Photoautotroph – make their own food using light

11. Reproduction
Most bacteria reproduce very quickly by a process called binary fission, some only taking 20 minutes to divide.
They reproduce asexually, meaning they simply divide without combining genetic material.
Small parts of DNA can be exchanged through sex pili. They act like little tunnels through which DNA can be exchanged.

13. Importance of Bacteria
We think of bacteria as being all bad, but actually we need them greatly!
Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world.

14. Some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis.

15. Importance
2. Decomposers: when all organisms die, their organic matter must be returned to the soil for other organisms. Decomposers complete the carbon cycle.

16. 3. Nitrogen fixers: some bacteria live on the roots of trees and convert nitrogen into a form that plants can use called ammonia. This is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the plant and the bacteria.

17. 4. Human uses
We have bacteria living on all surfaces of our bodies and ones such as E. coli are essential for our digestion. We provide them with a warm environment, and they provide us with essential vitamins that we cannot produce on our own. This too is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship.
We use them in food production because some bacterial fermentation is used to make yogurt, sour cream, vinegar, buttermilk, and more)

18. Pathogens- harmful bacteria
Any disease causing agent is called a pathogen- it could be bacterial or viral
Harmful Bacteria-cause disease in one of two ways:
Breaking down our body’s cells as food
Releasing toxins that travel through the body and damage our cells

19. Preventing Disease
1. Good hygiene- wash hands thoroughly with soap and water (you don’t need antibacterial!!!), brush teeth and floss (bacteria in your mouth DOUBLES in 24 hours); take care with who your drink after, check ups at the doctor

20. Preventing Disease
2. Vaccine- a weakened or dead form of the pathogen is given to a patient whose body will form an immune response to it. Once that immune response happens, your body remembers it forever and if the real pathogen gets in your body, your immune system will react quickly and kill it immediately.

21. Preventing Disease
3. Antibiotics- if infection does occur, antibiotics can be given. They prevent growth and division of bacteria so that our immune systems can conquer the illness more easily. Unfortunately, bacteria evolve in response to this pressure and we have many antibiotic resistant diseases now.

22. Bacterial Diseases

23. Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi
From a tick bite, fever, fatigue, headaches, muscle aches, joint aches
Bulls-eye shaped rash

24. Tetanus (Lock jaw) Clostridium tetani
Toxins released by bacteria interfere with nervous system
Severe muscle spasms and possibly death
Commonly contracted from deep puncture wound or self-piercing with contaminated materials

25. Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fatigue, weight loss, fever, chronic cough
Tubercles form in lungs (dormant form)
Affects nearly 1/3 of the world’s population
Spread through cough

26. Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmitted by oral, anal, or vaginal sex
Treated with antibiotics
Male symptoms:
Thick, foul-smelling discharge from penis
Painful urination
Testiculur and abdominal pain
Female symptoms:
Pus-like vaginal discharge
Pain urinating
Bleeding after intercourse

27. Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis
One of the most common STDs on college campuses
Burning during urination
Discharge from the penis or vagina
Pain and itching

28. Strep Throat Streptococcus pyogenes Fever, sore throat, swollen glands
Antibiotics can cause it to go away faster

29. Tooth Decay Streptococcus mutans Destruction of tooth enamel
Bacteria doubles in 24 hours
Brush and floss daily

30. Bacterial meningitis Neisseria meningitis
High fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, fatigue
Most common in college dorms

31. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Spore-forming bacteria
Spread by eating undercooked meat (vomiting and diarrhea, possible death), breathing in spores (usually fatal), skin contact (ulcers, rashes, not fatal)
Used in Bioterrorism

32. Botulism Clostridium botulinum
Blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, paralysis
From a wound, contaminated food
Botox is a toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum