1. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model & Network Protocols.
Topic 2:
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model & Network Protocols.

2. Topic Review... This chapter will covered:
- How to describe the network communication using OSI model.
- Explaination of network protocols.
- Use addressing schemes forTCP/IP suite.
- Understand the network services.

3. OSI Model... APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK
Layer 7
APPLICATION
Layer 6
PRESENTATION
Layer 5
SESSION
Layer 4
TRANSPORT
Layer 3
NETWORK
Layer 2
DATA LINK
Layer 1
PHYSICAL
Figure 1

4. Functions of OSI Model... Physical Layer
- responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next.
Data Link Layer
- responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the next.

5. Network Layer
- responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source to the final destination.
Transport Layer
- responsible for delivery of a message from one proccess to another.

6. Session Layer
- responsible for the establisment, management & termination of logical connections between two end users.
Presentation Layer
- responsible for translation, encryption, authentication & data compression.

7. Application Layer
- responsible for providing service to the user.

8. Data delivery through OSI Model...
SMTP
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Receiver
Format data
Port = 25
data
data
data
SIP
data
Des. MAC
Des. IP
Sour.
Sour. MAC
Cable
101011
Figure 2

9. The Structure of Data Packets & Frame...
Data Link Layer
Figure 3

10. Network Layer
Figure 4

11. Media Access Control (MAC) Address..
- MAC (Media Access Control) address is the unique hardware address that is installed to the network card by its manufacturer.
- It’s also called physical address.
- This address is commonly written as a sequence of 12 hexadecimal digits, such as 0C-0B-CD A0. Valid hexadecimal characters are "0" to "9" and "A" to "F".

12. Figure 5

13. Ethernet: IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network (LAN) protocols...
Ethernet protocols refer to the family of local-area network (LAN) covered by the IEEE
IEEE is a working group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by the working group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.

14. Four data rates are currently defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-pair cables:
10 Mbps - 10Base-T Ethernet (IEEE )
100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet (IEEE u)
1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE z)
10-Gigabit - 10 Gbps Ethernet (IEEE ae).

15. Protocol Structure: The basic IEEE 802
Protocol Structure: The basic IEEE Ethernet MAC Data Frame for 10/100Mbps Ethernet:
IEEE 802.3 7 1 6 2
bytes 4
Preamble
Start-of-frame delimiter
Destination address
Source Address
Length Type
802.2 Header & Data
Frame check sequence
Figure 6

16. Network Protocol...
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network.
In order for two computers to talk to each other, they must be speaking the same language.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model defines seven layers of networking protocols.

17. OSI model related to common network protocols
OSI Layer
Name
Common Protocol 7
Application 6
Presentation
HTTP | FTP | SMTP | DNS 5
Session 4
Transport
TCP
SPX 3
Network IP
IPX 2
Data Link
Ethernet 1
Physical
Figure 7

18. Figure 7 - illustrates how some of the major protocols would correlate to the OSI model in order to communicate via the Internet:
-Ethernet (Physical/Data Link Layers)
-IP/IPX (Network Layer)
-TCP/SPX (Transport Layer)
-HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and DNS (Session/Presentation/Application Layers)

19. Core Protocols of TCP/IP...
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

20. Functions... Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- is a telecommunications protocol used for resolution of network layer addresses into link layer addresses, a critical function in multiple-access networks.
Internet Protocol (IP)
-Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet.

21. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- to report problems with the delivery of IP datagrams.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
- to manage group memberships in local area networks. A multicast router should know all groups having members in the local area network.

22. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
-Provides a datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
-TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer.

23. Introduction to TCP/IP..
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite created by the Department of Defense (DoD)
- to ensure and preserve data integrity and maintain the communication.

24. TCP/IP and the DoD Model...
The DoD model is basically a condensed version of the OSI model – it's composed of four, instead of seven layers:
- Process/Application Layer
- Host-to-Host Layer
- Internet Layer
- Network Access Layer

25. Figure 8: The DoD and OSI Model
DoD Model
DoD Model
OSI Model
Process/
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Host-to-Host
Transport
Internet
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network Access
Figure 8: The DoD and OSI Model

26. DoD Model
Process/Application layer – defines protocols for node-to-node application communication and also controls user-interface specifications.
Host-to-Host layer – defining the protocols for setting up the level of transmission service for applications.

27. Internet layer – designating the protocols relating to the logical transmission of packets over the entire network.
Network layer – monitors the data exchange between the host and the network.

28. Network Addressing...
Network addressing also called as network number & uniquely identifies each network.
Every machine on the network shares that network address as part as of its IP address.
Example:
IP address
Network address x.x

29. Class A: Class A: Class A: Class A: Class A: 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Network
Host
Class A:
Network
Host
Class A:
Network
Host
Class A:
Class A:
Multicast
Class A:
Research
Figure 9: Summary of the three classes of networks

30. Network Address Range... Class bit Range Hosts A N.H.H.H 0 ~ 127
0 ~ 127
16.7 millions B
N.N.H.H 10
128 ~ 191
65k C
N.N.N.H
110
192 ~ 223
254

31. Public IP Address...
An IP address is considered public if the IP number is valid.
Public IP addresses are used by servers (including those for Web sites and DNS servers), network routers or any computer connected directly to the Internet via a modem.

32. Private IP address...
Class
Range A ~ B ~ C ~

33. Binary to Hexadecimal ...
Binary
Hexadecimal
0000
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
Binary= 0, 1 Decimal= 0–9 Hexadecimal= 0–9, A-F

34. Addressing : Unicast Address...
- to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point. In this case there is just one sender, and one receiver.
Example: the standard unicast applications (http, smtp, ftp and telnet) which employ the TCP transport protocol.

35. Addressing : Broadcast Address...
- to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. In this case there is just one sender, but the information is sent to all connected receivers.
Example: the standard application (address resolution protocol (arp) )

36. Addressing : Multicast Address...
- to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of other points. In this case there is may be one or more senders.
Example of an application which may use multicast is a video server sending out networked TV channels.

37. ADDRESSING METHODS.... Static/Manual
- Setting up IP configuration at Network
Connection properties
Dynamic/automatic
- Automatically received IP address from DHCP server

38. Static IP Address
Advantages
- The two names (Windows name and DNS name) are the same as each other, and neither ever changes. Other clients may therefore reliably access your machine by its DNS name.
-easily accessible by non-Windows internet services.

39. Disadvantages
- You can't move your machine to a different subnet and expect it to work. You need to reconfigure it

40. Dynamic IP (DHCP) Address
Advantages
-IP configuration information gets automatically configured for client machine by the DHCP server.
-If we move our client machine to a different subnet, the client will send out its discover message at boot time and work as usual.

41. Disadvantages
- Machine name does not change when we get a new IP address. The DNS (Domain Name System) name is associated with your IP address and therefore does change. This only presents a problem if other clients try to access your machine by its DNS name.

42. Domain Name Service (DNS)...
Domain Name Service (DNS) is the service used to convert human readable names of hosts to IP addresses. Host names are not case sensitive and can contain alphabetic or numeric letters