1. INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION
PREPARED BY
AKM HSS KOTTOOR
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2. INDIAN ECONOMY BEFORE BRITISH RULE
INDEPENDENT ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE, THE MAIN SOURCE OF LIVING
ADVANCED MANUFACTURING SECTOR
INDIA WELLKNOWN FOR HANDICRAFT INDUSTRIES, COTTON, SILK AND METALS
INDIAN PRODUCTS ENJOYED WORLD WIDE MARKET FOR ITS FINE QUALAITY AND STANDARD OF CRAFTSMANSHIP.

3. The first attempt to measure national income of India was made by Dadhabhai Naoroji, William Disgby, Findlay shirras, V.K.R.V.Rao and R.C.Desai.

4. INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PROVIDED EMPLOYMENT TO 85% OF
THE POPULATION.
STAGNATION IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.
LOW PRODUCTIVITY.
EXPLOITATIVE LAND SETTLEMENT SYSTEM, PARTICULARLY
ZAMINDARI SYSTEM.
COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE.
LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY.
LACK OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES.
NEGLIGIBLE USE OF FERTILISERS.
IMMENSE MISERY AND SOCIAL TENSION AMONG FARMERS.
PARTITION OF THE COUNTRY AFFECTED AGRICULTURAL
SECTOR.

5. INDIAN FARMER - DESTINED TO SUFFER

6. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR WEAK INDUSTRIAL BASE.
HANDICRAFT INDUSTRIES DECLINED.
EXPORTER OF RAW MATERIALS.
IMPORTER OF BRITISH INDUSTRIAL GOODS.
AFTER 1850 MODERN INDUSTRIES WERE SET UP.
COTTON AND JUTE TEXTILE MILLS CAME UP.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES, TISCO IN 1907.
SUGAR, CEMENT, PAPER INDUSTRIES.
CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES WERE NOT DEVELOPED.
PUBLIC SECTOR WAS VERY LIMITED, ONLY IN RAILWAY, POWERGENERATION, COMMUNICATIONS,
PORTS ETC.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SECTOR TO GDP WAS VERY LOW.

7. FOREIGN TRADE RESTRICTIVE POLICIES OF THE BRITISH ADVERSLY
AFFECTED THE STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND VOLUME
OF INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE.
BRITISH MONOPOLY CONTROL OVER INDIA’S EXPORTS
AND IMPORTS.
INDIA BECAME EXPORTER OF PRIMARY PRODUCTS LIKE
RAW SILK, COTTON, ETC.
IMPORTER OF FINISHED CONSUMER GOODS.
GENERATION OF LARGE EXPORT SURPLUS.
EXPORT SURPLUS DID NOT RESULT IN ANY FLOW OF
WEALTH TO INDIA.
RATHER IT WAS USED FOR EXPENSES ON WAR AND
ADMINISTRATION OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.

8. DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITION
FIRST CENSUS IN 1881
BEFORE 1921 INDIA WAS IN THE FIRST STAGE OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION.
SECOND STATE BEGAN AFTER 1921.
LITERACY LESS THAN 16%
FEMALE LITERACY 7%
PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES WERE UNAVAILABLE.
INFANT MORTALITY 218/1000
LIFE EXPECTANCY 32 YEARS
EXTENSIVE POVERTY.

9. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR 70-75%
MANUFACTURING SECTOR 10%
SERVICE SECTOR 15-20%
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY,PORTS, WATER TRANSPORT ,POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS.
RAILWAYS INTRODUCED IN 1850

10. Ootty-konoor heritage train

11. INDIAN ECONOMY 1950-1990 THE GOALS OF FYPs FIVE YEAR PLANS
PLANNING COMMISSION SET UP IN 1950
CHAIRPERSON-PRIME MINISTER
THE GOALS OF FYPs
GROWTH
MODERNISATION
3. SELF RELIANCE
EQUITY

12. AGRICULTURE
LAND REFORMS:AIMS TO CHANGE THE OWNERSHIP OF LANDHOLDINGS FROM ZAMINDARS TO TILLERS.
LAND CEILING:FIXING THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF LAND WHICH COULD BE OWNED BY AN INDIVIDUAL.
GREEN REVOLUTION:INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FOOD GRAINS DUE TO THE USE OF HYV SEEDS AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY .
INDIA ACHIEVED SELF SUFFICIENCY IN FOOD-
GR AINS PRODUCTION DUE TO GREEN REVOLUTION.
INCREASE IN MARKETED SURPLUS.

13. Father of Green Revolution in India Dr.M.S.SWAMINATHAN

14. GREEN REVOLUTION-IMPACT
DECREASE IN THE PRICE OF FOODGRAINS.
BUFFER STOCK OF FOODGRAINS.
INCREASE IN DISPARITY BETWEEN SMALL AND
LARGE FARMERS.
HYV SEEDS PRONE TO PEST ATTACK.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.

15. CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

16. SUBSIDIES :GOOD OR BAD? MERITS DEMERITS
INCENTIVE TO ADOPT NEW TECHNOLOGY
IT BENEFITS FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
IT HELP FARMES TO ACQUIRE REQUIRED INPUTS
FARMERS FROM MORE PROSPEROUS REGIONS ARE BENEFITTED
IT HELPS TO ELIMINATE INEQUALITY BETWEEN POOR AND RICH
HUGE BURDEN ON GOVT. FINANCE

17. INDUSTRIAL POLICY RESOLUTION 1956
SALIENT FEATURES:
THE BASIS OF 2ND FIVE YEAR PLAN.
STATE CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY.
LICENSING SYSTEM FOR NEW INDUSTRIES AND FOR EXISTING
INDUSTRIES TO EXPAND PRODUCTION.
PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIES IN BACK WARD REGIONS.
REGIONAL EQUALITY
TAX CONCESSIONS AND OTHER BENEFITS FOR INDUSTRIES
IN BACKWARD AREAS.
INDUSTRIES CLASSIFIED INTO 3 CATEGORIES
OWNED BY THE STATE
OWNED BY PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC SECTOR.
OWNED BY PRIVATE SECTOR.

18. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY CARVE COMMITTEE SET UP IN 1955
IN 1950 INVESTMENT LIMIT WAS Rs.5 LAKH
NOW IT IS Rs. 1 CRORE
SSIs ARE MORE LABOUR INTENSIVE
GENERATE MORE EMPLOYMENT
PRODUCTION SOME PRODUCTS WERE
RESERVED FOR SSIs.
LOWER INTEREST RATES ON BANK LOANS
LOWER EXCISE DUTY

19. TRADE POLICY MAIN FEATURES: INWARD LOOKING TRADE STRATEGY
IMPORT SUBSTITUTION (REPLACING IMPORTS WITH DOMESTIC PRODUCTION)
PROTECTION OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES FROM FOREIGN COMPETITION THROUGH TARIFFS AND QUOTAS. (TARIFFS ARE TAX ON IMPORTED GOODS. QUOTAS SPECIFY THE QUANTITY OF GOODS WHICH CAN BE IMPORTED.)

20. EFFECT ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
RISE IN THE SHARE OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
6 % ANNUAL GROWTH RATE
DIVERSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES

21. Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister of India, introduced New Economic Policy in 1991

22. ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991
BACKGROUND OF REFORMS
INEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF INDIAN ECONOMY IN
1980s
HUGE DEFICITS
GULF WAR
LOW FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
HUGE RISE IN GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
HIGH INFLATION
BoP CRISIS
LOAN FROM IMF AND IBRD
MANY CONDITIONS

23. NEW ECONOMIC POLICY STABILISATION MEASURES STRUCTURAL REFORM MEASURES
NEP REFERS TO WIDE RANGE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS
IT AIMS AT CREATING COMPETITION AND REMOVING BARRIERS
STABILISATION MEASURES
SHORT TERM MEASURES TO CORRECT BoP PROBLEMS AND CONTROL INFLATION
STRUCTURAL REFORM MEASURES
LONG TERM MEASURES AIMED AT INCREASING INTERNATIONAL COMETITIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY

24. LIBERALISATION
LIBERALISATION AIMS TO REMOVE THE RULES AND REGULATIONS WHICH PREVENT ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATION
DEREGULATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
INDUSTRIAL LICENSING WAS ABOLISHED
DERESERVATION IN NDUSTRIAL SECTOR
PRICE FIXATION ABOLISHED
DERESERVATION OF SSI PRODUCTS
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
REDUCED ROLE FOR RBI
DECISION MAKING POWER TO FIs
ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS
FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN BANKS RAISED TO 50%

25. TAX REFORMS REDUCTION IN TAXES ON INDIVIDUAL INCOMES
REDUCTION IN CORPORATE TAX RATE
LOWERED TAX RATE
SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES
FOREIGN EXCHANGE REFORMS
DEVALUATION OF RUPEE
MARKET DETERMINED EXCHANGE RATE
TRADE AND INVESTMENT REFORMS
DISMANTLING OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
REDUCTION OF TARIFF RATES
IMPORT LICENSING ABOLISHED
EXPORT DUTIES ABOLISHED

26. Foreign Exchange Reform
Devaluation of Indian rupee
This increased inflow of foreign exchange
MARKET DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATE
TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY REFORMS
DISMANTLING OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
REDUCTION OF TARIFF RATES
REMOVAL OF IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES
EXPORT DUTIES REMOVED

27. REFORMS IN PUBLIC SECTOR
PRIVATISATION
WITHDRAWAL OF GOVT. FROM OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF PSUs.
OUTRIGHT SALE OF PUBLIC SECTOR COMPANIES
REFORMS IN PUBLIC SECTOR
DISINVESTMENT: SELLING OF A PART OR WHOLE
OF THE SHARES OF THE PSUs TO
THE PUBLIC.
AUTONOMY TO PSUs
NAVARATNA AND MINIRATNA STATUS TO PSUs

28. GLOBALISATION
INTEGRATION OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY WITH THE WORLD ECONOMY THROUGH CREATION OF NETWORKS AND ACTIVITIES TRANSCENDING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES.
OUTSOURCING
HIRING REGULAR SERVICES FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES, MOSTLY FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.
Eg: LEGAL ADVICE, COMPUTER SERVICE, ADVERTISEMENT, VOICE BASED BUSINESS PROCESS (BPO/CALL CENTRES), RECORD KEEPING,ACCOUNTANCY, BANKING SERVICE, MUSIC RECORDING, FILM EDITING, BOOK TRANSCRIPTION, CLINICAL ADVICE, TEACHING.

29. GLOBALISATION

30. INDIA AND OUTSOURCING INDIA IS A FAVOURITE DESTINATION CHEAP COST
RESONABLE DEGREE OF SKILL AND ACCURACY
LOW WAGE RATE
SKILLED MAN POWER

31. WTO FOUNDED IN 1995 SUCCESSOR TO GATT GATT ESTABLISHED IN 1948
OBJECTIVES
TO ADMINISTER ALL MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREE MENTS
ESTABLISH A RULE BASED TRADE REGIME WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS
ENLARGE PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF SERVICES
OPTIMUM UTILISATION OF WORLD RSOURCES
AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

32. WTO
TO FACILITATE INTERNATIONAL TRADE THROUGH REMOVAL OF TARIFF AS WELL AS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS.
GREATER MARKET ACCESS TO ALL MEMBER COUNTRIES.

33. REFORMS:AN ASSESSMENT
GROWTH OF GDP
SECTOR
AGRICULTURE
3.6
3.3
4.0
INDUSTRY
7.1
6.5
9.5
SERVICE
6.7
8.2
9.1
GDP
5.6
6.4
8.0

34. REFORMS:AN ASSESSMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
INCREASE IN FOREGIN DIRECT INVESTMENT
INCREASE IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
EMPLOYMENT
JOBLESS GROWTH

35. REFORMS:AN ASSESSMENT
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
GROWTH RATE DECLINED
PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE REDUCED.
INCRESE IN COST OF PRODUCTION DUE TO WITHDRAWAL OF SUBSIDIES.
REMOVAL OF MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE
COMPETION FROM IMPORTED GOODS DUE TO REMOVAL OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS.
SHIFT FROM FOOD CROPS TO CASH CROPS.

36. REFORMS:AN ASSESSMENT
REFORMS IN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
SLOW DOWN IN INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
DECREASE IN DEMAND FOR DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS DUE TO CHEAPER IMPORTS
INADEQUATE INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE.
COMPETITION FROM FOREIGN GOODS.
LIMITED ACCESS TO DEVELOPED COUNTRYS’ MARKETS.

37. REFORMS:AN ASSESSMENT
FISCAL POLICY REFORMS
REDUCTION IN TAXES DIDN’T INCREASE REVENUE.
REDUCTION IN REVENUE DUE TO TARIFF REDUCTION.
TAX INCENTIVES TO FOREIGN INVESTORS.
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EXPENDITURES.

38. POVERTY

39. KEVIN CARTER PHOTO

40. KEVIN CARTER PHOTO
This photo was taken in 1994 during the Sudan Famine and it got "Pulitzer Award". The picture represents a famine stricken child crawling towards a United Nations food camp, located a kilometer away. The vulture is waiting for the child to die so that it can eat. This picture shocked the whole world. No one knows what happened to the child, including the photographer Kevin Carter who left the place as soon as the photograph was taken. Three months later he committed suicide due to depression.

41. POVERTY WHO ARE THE POOR?
IN URBAN AREAS, SOME EXAMPLES ARE PUSH CART VENDORS, STREET COBBLERS, RAG PICKERS, BEGGARS ETC.
IN RURAL AREAS POOR INCLUDE LANDLESS PEOPLE, THOSE OWN WASTE LAND.
IN GENERAL POOR PEOPLE FACE STARVATION AND MALNUTRITION, LACK BASIC LITERACY AND SKILLS AND HAVE VERY LIMITED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES.

42. WHO ARE THE POOR

43. CATEGORISING POVERTY ALWAYS POOR USUALLY POOR CHRONIC POOR
CHURNING POOR
OCCASIONALLY POOR
TRANSIENT POOR
NEVER POOR/NON-POOR

44. POVERTY LINE
THE FIRST TO DISCUSS POVERTY LINE WAS DADHABHAI NAOROJI.
JAIL COST OF LIVING
PRESENT ESTIMATE IS MADE BY PLANNING COMMISSION BASED ON MINIMUM CALORIE INTAKE.
2400 CALORIE FOR RURAL PERSON AND 2100 CALORIE FOR URBAN PERSON.
IN , IN MONETARY TERMS IT WORTH, Rs.328 PER PERSON IN A MONTH IN RURAL AREAS AND Rs.454 IN URBAN AREAS.

45. CAUSES OF POVERTY LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION AND SKILLS
INFIRMITY, ILL HEALTH AND SICKNESS
DISCRIMINATION
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INEQUALITY
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
INDEBTEDNESS
LOW CAPITAL FORMATION
LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE
LACK OF SOCIAL WELFARE NETS

46. NUMBER OF POOR IN INDIA
IN , 321 MILLION PEOPLE BPL, i.e.: 55% OF THE POPULATION.
IN , 260 MILLION PEOPLE BPL, i.e.; 26% OF THE POPULATION.
IN MORE THAN 80% OF THE POOR PEOPLE WERE IN RURAL AREAS.IN , IT IS 75%.

47. Anti Poverty Programmes
Self employment programmes
Wage employment programmes
Social security measures
Rural Employment generation programme(REGP)
National food for work programme(NFWP)
Public distribution system(PDS)
Prime ministers rozgar yojana.(PMRY)
Sampoorna grameen rozgar yojana(SGRY)
Integrated child devel- opment scheme(ICDS)
Swarna jayanthi shahari rozgar yojana.(SJSRY)
National rural employme- nt guarantee act (NREGA)
Midday meal scheme
Swarna jayanthi gram swarozgar yojana (SGSY)
Pradhan manthri gram sadak yojana.
Pradha manthri gramodaya yojana
Valmiki ambedkar awas yojana

48. Critical Assessment
HUNGER, MALNOURISHMENT, ILLITERACY AND LACK OF BASIC AMENITIES STILL PREVALENT.
BENFITS FROM DIRECT POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES GOES TO NON-POOR.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR THE PROGRAMMES IS INSUFFICIENT.
NON-PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION.

49. HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION
WHAT IS HUMAN CAPITAL?
COMPETENT AND SKILLED HUMAN RESOURCE WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NATION IS HUMAN CAPITAL.
SOURCES OF HUMAN CAPITAL
1. EDUCATION
2. HEALTH CARE
3. ON THE JOB TRAINING
4. MIGRATION.
5. INFORMATION.

50. HUMAN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC GROWTH MEANS INCREASE IN REAL NATIONAL INCOME OF A COUNTRY.
EDUCATED PERSONS CONTRIBUTE MORE TO IT.
A HEALTHY PERSON CAN WORK MORE AND CONTRIBUTE MORE TO NATIONAL INCOME.
EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE INCREASES LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY.
EDUCATION FACILITATES SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT, INVENTIONS ND INNOVATIONS.
ON-THE -JOB -TRAINING INCREASES SKILL AND PRODUCTIVITY.
MIGRATION INCREASES TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL MANPOWER OF A COUNTRY.
IN SHORT, HUMAN CAPITAL HELPS ECONOMIC GROWTH.

51. CONVOCATION IN IIM

52. HUMAN CAPITAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE ARE TO INCREASE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN WELL BEING
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH ARE UNPRODUCTIVE IF IT DOES NOT INCREASE OUTPUT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE SHOULD BE MADE EVEN IF OUTPUT IS NOT INCREASED
HUMAN BEINGS ARE A MEANS TO AN END
HUMAN BEINGS ARE ENDS IN THEMSELVES

53. HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA
EDUCATION AND HEALTH EXPENDITURES ARE MADE BY UNION, STATE AND LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTORS ESSENTIAL.
GOVERNMENTS ROLE IS IMPORTANT
GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS TO ENSURE BASIC STANDARDS.
EDUCATION SECTOR IS REGULATED BY NCERT, AICTE, UGC.
HEALTH SECTOR IS MONITERED BY HEALTH MINISTRIES, HEALTH DEPARTMENTS AND ICMR

54. EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
1952
2002
% OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE
7.92
13.17
% OF GDP
0.64
4.02

55. EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA
86TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT MADE FREE AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION A FUNDEMENTAL RIGHT OF ALL CHILDREN IN THE AGE GROUP OF 6-14.
TAPAS MAJUMDAR COMMITTEE (1988) ESTIMATE Rs.1.37 LAKH CRORE FOR IT.
THIS REQUIRES EDUCATION EXPENDITURE TO BE ENHANCED TO 6% OF GDP.

56. EDUCATION: FUTURE PROSPECTS
EDUCATION FOR ALL IS AN OBJECTIVE OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION. IT IS STILL A DISTANT DREAM.
LITERACY RATE ESPECIALLY FEMALE LITERACY NEED TO BE PROMOTED.
ALLLOCATION FOR AND STANDARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION NEED TO BE ENHANCED.

57. RURAL DEVELOPMENT MEANING
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE INCLUDING HEALTH, LITERACY,SANITATION ETC.
LAND REFORMS.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES OF EACH LOCALITY.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT LIKE ELECTRICITY, TRANSPORT, IRRIGATION ETC.
MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY AND IMPROVE THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF RURAL POPULATION.

58. CREDIT AND MARKETING IN RURAL AREAS
FARMERS NEED CREDIT TO MEET INITIAL EXPENDITURES ON SEEDS, FERTILISERS ETC.
AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE FARMERS HAD TO BORROW FROM MONEY LENDERS AND TRADERS AND WERE EXPLOITED.
THE INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL BANKING AND MULTI AGENCY APPROACH IN 1969 TO HELP FARMERS.
NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT(NABARD) WAS SET UP IN 1982 AS AN APEX BODY TO CORDINATE ALL IN INSTITUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF RURAL CREDIT.

59. NABARD
NABARD LOGO

60. RURAL CREDIT IN INDIA SOURCES COMMERCIAL BANKS.
REGIONAL RURAL BANKS(RRBs).
COOPERATIVE BANKS.
LAND DEVELOPMENT BANKS.
SELF HELP GROUPS(SHGs).
CREDIT PROVISIONS MADE BY SHGs ARE CALLED MICRO CREDIT.IT ALSO HELPS EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN.
HIGH LOAN DEFAULT RATE IS A CONCERN.

61. AGRICULTURAL MARKET SYSTEM
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IS A PROCESS THAT INVOLVES THE ASSEMBLING, STORAGE, PROCESSING, TRANSPORTATION, PACKAGING, GRADING AND DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

62. PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE FARMERS FACED THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS.
1. FAULTY WEIGHING AND MANIPULATION OF ACCOUNTS. 2. FORCED SALES AT LOW PRICES DUE TO LACK OF INFORMATION. 3. LACK OF PROPER STORAGE FACILITIES.

63. MEASURES FOR IMPROVED MARKETING SYSTEM
REGULATION OF MARKETS TO CREATE ORDERLY AND TRANSPARENT MARKETING CONDITIONS.
PROVISION OF PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES LIKE ROADS, RAILWAYS, WAREHOUSES, GODOWNS, COLD STORAGES…
COOPERATIVE MARKETING FOR FAIR PRICES FOR FARMERS PRODUCTS.
POLICY INSTRUMENTS LIKE ASSURANCE OF MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE(MSP), MAITENANCE OF BUFFER STOCKS, DISTRIBUTION OF FOODGRAINS AND SUGAR THROUGH PDS.

64. EMERGING ALTERNATIVE MARKETING CHANNELS
STATE
APNI MANDI
PUNJAB, HARYANA, RAJASTHAN
RYTHU BAZARS(VEGETABLE &FRUITS
ANDHRA PRADESH
UZHAVAR SANDIES
TAMIL NADU
NATIOAL AND MULTI NATIONAL COMPANIES
ALL OVER INDIA

65. DIVERSIFICATION INTO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:
CATTLE, GOATS, FOWL ETC.
WE GET MEAT, EGG,WOOL,LEATHER,MILK ETC.
STABILITY IN INCOME, FOOD SECURITY, TRANSPORT,FUEL AND NUTRITION FOR THE FAMILY .
ABOUT 70 MILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON IT.
EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN.
INCREASED MILK PRODUCTION IN THE COUNTRY CALLED ‘OPERATION FLOOD’.
GUJARAT HAS A SUCCESS STORY IN MILK COOPERATIVES.

66. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

67. FISHERIES FISHERIES CONTRIBUTES 1 .4%OF GDP. MAJOR PRODUCERS OF
MARINE PRODUCTS
ARE KERALA,
GUJARAT,
TAMILNADU AND
MAHARASHTRA. -

68. HORTICULTURE
INCLUDES FRUITS, VEGETABLES,TUBER CROPS, FLOWERS, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS, SPICES AND PLANTATION CROPS.
HORTICULTURE EMERGED AS A SUSTAINABLE LIVEWLIHOOD OPTION DURING
GOLDEN REVOLUTION REPRESENTS THIS CHANGE.
INDIA IS WORLD LEADER IN THE PRODUCTION OF MANGOES, BANANAS, COCUNUTS, CASHEW NUTS AND SPICES.
THIS SECTOR PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT TO ABOUT 16% OF THE WORKFORCE.

69. HORTICULTURE

70. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND RUAL DEVELOPMENT
I.T. TOOLS HELP IN PREDICITNG AREAS OF FOOD INSECURITY.
I.T. DISSEMINATES INFORMATION REGARDING EMERGING TECHNOLOGIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
I.T. HELPS IN GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT PRODUCT PRICES, WEATHER AND SOIL CONDITIONS.
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN RURAL AREAS.

71. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIC FARMING
CONVENTIONAL FARMING
CHEAPER AND LOCAL ORGANIC INPUTS
COSTLIER INPUTS
ECO-FRIENDLY
CHEMICAL FERTILISER AND TOXIC PESTICIDES ARE USED
GENERATE MORE INCOME THROUGH EXPORTS
IT ENTER FOOD SUPPLY AND GROUND WATER AND HARM LIVING BEINGS AND ENVIRONMENT
MORE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND HEALTHY FOODS
LESS NUTRITIONAL VALUE
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE
NOT SUSTAINABLE
USE MORE LABOUR INPUT
DEPLETE SOIL AND DEVASTATE NATURAL ECO SYSTEM

73. WORKER POPULATION RATIO
EMPLOYMENT
WORKER POPULATION RATIO
SEX
WORKER POPULATION RATIO
TOTAL
RURAL
URBAN
MEN
52.7
53.1
51.8
WOMEN
25.4
29.9
13.9
39.5
41.7
33.7

74. SELF EMPLOYED &HIRED WORKERS
SELF EMPLOYED:WORKERS WHO OWN AND OPERATE AN ENTERPRISE TO EARN THEIR LIVELIHOOD ARE KNOWN AS SELF EMPLOYED.
CASUAL WAGE LABOURERS:A PERSON WHO IS CASUALLY ENGAGED IN OTHERS’ FARM OR NON FARM ENTERPRISE AND IN RETURN RECEIVES WAGES ACCORDING TO THE DAILY OR PERIODIC WORK CONTRACT.
REGULAR SALARIED EMPLOYEE:WHEN A WORKER IS ENGAGED BY SOMEONE OR AN ENTERPRISE AND PAID HIS WAGES ON A REGULAR BASIS.

75. Casual workers

76. DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT
URBAN WORKERS
RURAL WORKERS
SELF EMPLOYED
42%
56%
CASUAL WAGE LABOURERS
18%
37%
REGULAR SALARIED
40% 7%

77. DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE BY INDUSTRY
CATEGORY
PLACE OF RESIDENCE
SEX
TOTAL
RURAL
URBAN
MALE
FEMALE
PRIMARY
76.7
9.6
53.8
75.1
60.4
SECONDARY
10.8
31.3
17.6
11.8
15.8
TERTIARY
12.5
59.1
13.1
23.8
100

78. GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT
GROWTH OF GDP AND EMPLOYMENT
PERIOD
GROWTH OF GDP
GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT
4.2
0.85
3.9
2.1
4.8
1.84
5.8
1.89
3.4
1.5
6.1
0.98

79. CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT
SECTOR
1983
PRIMARY
74.3
68.6 64
60.4
SECONDARY
10.9
11.5 16
15.8
SERVICES
14.8
16.9 20
23.8
TOTAL
100

80. FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTOR
ALL THE PUBLIC SECTOR ESTABLISHMENTS AND THOSE PRIVATE SECTOR ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH EMPLOY 10 HIRED WORKERS OR MORE ARE FORMAL SECTOR ESTABLISHMENTS. WORKERS ARE PROTECTED BY LABOUR LAWS AND THEY HAVE TRADE UNIONS AND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS.IN INDIA 7% OF THE WORKFORCE IS FORMAL
ALL OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS ARE INFORMAL.IN INDIA 93%OF THE TOTAL WORKFORCE IS INFORMAL.

81. NREGP

82. UNEMPLOYMENT
AN UNEMPLOYED PERSON IS ONE WHO IS NOT ABLE TO GET EMPLOYMENT OF EVEN ONE HOUR IN HALF A DAY.IT IS CALLED OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT.
DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT:WHEN MORE PEOPLE ARE WORKING ON A WORK WHERE ACTUALLY LESS NUMBER OF PEOPLE ARE REQUIRED, THE EXCESS PEOPLE EMPLOYED ARE DISGUISEDLY UNEMPLOYED.
SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: WHEN PEOPLE LACK EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES DURING CERTAIN SEASONS, IT IS SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT.

83. GOVERNMENT AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT 2005.IT ENSURES 100 DAYS WORK TO ALL ADULT MEMBERS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD BELOW POVERTY LINE.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMMES.
DIRECT:EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN GOVERNMENT RUN INDUSTRIES, HOTELS, TRANSPORT COMPANIES ETC.
INDIRECT: INCREASE IN GOVERNMENT PRODUCTION BOOST PRIVATE ENTERPRISES CREATING JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
ANTI POVERTY PROGRAMMES (WAGE EMPLOYMENT &SELF EMPLOYMENT)

84. INFRASTRUCTURE
BASIC INSTALLATIONS WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION IS CALLED INFRASTRUCTURE. IT IS TWO TYPES; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE:ENERGY, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: EDUCATION, HEALTH AND HOUSING.

85. MUMBAI-WORLI –BANDRA SEA LINK

86. Relevance of Infrastructure
It supports modern industrial economy.
Agriculture depend on it for speedy transport and communication.
It increases productivity of input.
Increases quality of life.
Reduces morbidity.
Increased access to better health care.

87. The State of Infrastructure: India and Some Other Countries-2003
COUNTRY
INVESTME-NT IN INSFRAS-TRUCTRE(% OF GDP)
ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKI-
NG WATER %
ACCESS TO IMP- OVED SANITAT-
ION %
MOBI-
LE USERS/ 1000 PEOPLE
PHONE LINES/ PEOPLE
POWER GENERATION (kw1000
CHINA 20 75 38 66
113
230
HONGKONG 4
100
817
560
1630
INDIA 5 84 28 33
107
KOREA 7 92 63
583
449
1067
PAKISTAN 2 90 62
109
SINGAPORE
684
528
1887
INDONESIA 14 76 18 97

88. ENERGY ENERGY COMMERCIAL COAL PETROLEUM ELECTRICITY NON-COMMERCIAL
FIREWOOD
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
DIED DUNG

89. Sources of energy COMMERCIAL NON-COMMERCIAL
COAL,PETROLEUM, ELECTRICITY
FIREWOOD,AGRICULTURAL WASTE,DRIED DUNG

90. CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY
ENERGYCONSUMPTION IN %
SECTOR
HOUSEHOLD 10 12
AGRICULTURE 01 03 08 09
INDUSTRIES 40 50 45 42
TRANSPORT 28 22
OTHERS 5 07 13 15
TOTAL
100

91. POWER GENERATION
THERMAL:70%

92. A nuclear power plant

93. CHALLENGES IN THE POWER SECTOR
INDIAS INSTALLED CAPACITY TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO FEED AN ANNUAL ECONOMIC GROWTH OF 7%
2. DUE TO TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES, WRONG PRICING
OF ELECTRICITY AND SOME OTHER INEFFICIENCIES ,STATE
ELECTRICITY BOARDS INCUR LOSSES WHICH EXCEEDS 500 BILLION.
3. PRIVATE SECTOR AND FOREIGN INVEST MENT IN POWER SECTOR IS
INADEQUATE.
GENERAL PUBLIC UNREST DUE TO HIGH POWER TARIFFS AND PROLONGED POWER CUTS.
5. SHORTAGE OF RAWMATERIALS FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS.

94. HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA ITEM 1951 1981 2000
HOSPITALS
2694
6805
15888
HOSPITAL BEDS
117000
504538
719861
DISPENSARIES
6600
16745
23065
PHCs
725
9115
22842
SUBCENTRES -
84736
137311
CHCs
761
3043

95. PRIVATE SECTOR HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
MORE THN 70% OF HOSPITALS IN INDIA ARE RUN BY PRIVATE SECTOR.
IT ALSO PLAYS A DOMINANT ROLE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING, MEDICAL TECHNO-
LOGY AND DIAGNOSTICS, MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF PHARMACEUTICALS, HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION AND MEDICAL SERVICES.
PRIVATE HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ARE NOT ACCESSIBLE TO ORDINARY PEOPLE.
PRIVATE SECTOR ATTRACTS MEDICAL TOURISTS TO INDIA.

96. INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE (AYUSH)
AYURVEDA
YOGA
UNANI
SIDHA
NATUROPATHY
HOMEOPATHY

97. YOGA

98. Indicators of health INDICATOR INDIA CHINA USA SRILANKA IMR/1000 68 302 8
BIRTH BY SKILLED ATTENDANTS 43 97 99
FULLY IMMUNISED 67 84 93
HEALTH EXPENDITURE AS A % OF GDP
4.8
5.8
14.6
3.7
GOVT.SHARE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE %
21.3
33.7
44.9
48.7
PERCAPITA SPENDING IN $ 96
261
5274
131

99. HEALTH:URBAN-RURAL & POOR-RICH DIVIDE
ONLY 1/5TH HOSPITALS ARE LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS, WHERE 70% OF THE POPULATION LIVE.
ONLY 50% OF DISPENSARIES AND 11% HOSPITAL BEDS ARE AVAILABLE IN RURAL INDIA.
0.36 HOSPITALS FOR EVERY ONE LAKH PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS AND 3.6 HOSPITALS IN URBAN AREAS.
IN RURAL AREAS 24% OF THE POPULATTION HAVE NO ACCESS TO PROPER HEALTHCARE.
SHORTAGE OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN RURALAREAS.
THE POOREST 20% SPEND 12% OF THEIR INCOME ON HEALTH CARE WHILE THE RICCH 20% SPEND 2%.

100. AIIMS

101. WOMENS HEALTH
ADVERSE SEX RATIO, IN 1991, 945 AND IN 2001, 927 SHOWS INCREASED FEMALE FOETICIDE.
3 LAKH GIRLS UNDER THE AGE OF 15 HAVE MARRIED AND BORNE CHILDREN.
MORE THAN 50% WOMEN HAVE IRON DEFICIENCY DISEASES LIKE ANAEMIA WHICH CAUSE 19% MATERNAL DEATHS.
IMPORTANT ROLE FOR TELECOM AND I.T. SECTORS IN CREATING AWARENESS.

102. ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AMAZON RIVER

103. DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT IS DEFINED AS THE TOTAL PLANETARY INHERITANCE AND THE TOTALITY OF ALL RESOURCES. IT INCLUDES ALL THE BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EACH OTHER.
FUNCTIONS
IT SUPPLY RESOURCES
IT ASSIMILATES WASTE
IT SUSTAINS LIFE BY PROVIDING GENETIC AND BIODIVERSITY
IT PROVIDES AESTHETIC SERVICES LIKE SCENERY

104. STATE OF INDIA'S ENVIRONMENT
INDIA HAS ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE FORM OF RICH QUALITY OF SOIL,RIVERS, FORESTS,MINERAL DEPOSITS, RANGES OF MOUNTAINS, SEA COAST ETC.
THREAT TO ENVIRONMENT
LAND DEGRADATION
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
AIR POLLUTION ESPECIALLY VEHICULAR POLLUTION IN CITIES
MANAGEMENT OF FRESH WATER
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

105. CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL WARMING

106. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
AIR POLLUTION
BIODIVERSITY LOSS

107. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT(UNCED) DEFINITION:
‘ DEVELOPMENT THAT MEET THE NEED OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF THE FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS.’

108. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT-AN ISSUE TO BE TACKLED

109. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
USE OF NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
LPG,GOBAR GAS IN RURAL AREAS
CNG IN URBAN AREAS
WIND POWER
SOLAR POWER THROUGH SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
MINI HYDEL PLANTS
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES
BIO COMPOSTING
BIOPEST CONTROL

110. COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS

111. DVELOPMENTAL PATH CHINA
GREAT LEAP FORWARD-1958: AIMED RAPID INDUSTRALISATION OF THE COUNTRY
COMMUNE SYTEM: COLLECTIVE CULTIVATION IN THE FARM SECTOR
GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION ( ): PROFESSIONAL AND STUDENTS WERE SENT TO WORK AND LEARN FROM THE COUNTRYSIDE.
CHINA INTRODUCED REFORMS IN 1978: PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN INDUSTRY, DUAL PRICING, LAND TO INDIVIDUALS,SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES.

112. PAKISTAN MEDIUM TERM(5 YEAR ) PLAN IN 1956. MIXED ECONOMY
GREEN REVOLUTION
REGULATORY POLICY FOR INDUSTRIALISATION AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION
NATIONALISATION OF CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES
ECONOMIC REFORMS IN 1988

113. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS, 2000-01
COUNTRY
POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
DENSITY
SEX
RATIO
FERTILITY RATE
URBANISATION
INDIA
1103.6
1.7
358
933
3.0
27.8
CHINA
1303.7
1.0
138
937
1.8
36.1
PAKISTAN
162.4
2.5
193
922
5.1
33.4

114. DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE IN 2000
GDP AND SECTORS
SECTOR
CONTRIBUTION TO GDP 2003
DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE IN 2000
INDIA
CHINA
PAK
AGRICULTURE 23 15 60 54 49
INDUSTRY 26 53 16 27 18
SERVICE 51 32 24 19 37
TOTAL
100

115. INDICATORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT,2003
ITEMS
INDIA
CHINA
PAKISTAN
HDI VALUE
0.602
0.755
0.527
RANK
127 85
135
LIFE EXPECTANCY
63.3
71.6 63
LITERACY RATE 61
90.9
48.7
GDP PERCAPITA
2892
5003
2097
PEOPLE BPL
34.7
16.6
13.4
IMR 30 81
MMR
540 56
500
UNDERNOURISHED (%) 21 44 54
IMPROVED SANITATION % 77 90
IMPROVED WATER % 86 11 20

116. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES:AN APPRAISAL
CHINA
REFORMS INTRODUCED IN 1978
EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD GRAINS THROUGH COMMUNE SYSTEM
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH, LAND REFORMS AND DECENTRALISED PLANNING IMPROVED THE SOCIO ECONOMIC LIFE OF PEOPLE

117. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES:AN APPRAISAL
PAKISTAN
REFORMS INTRODUCED IN 1988
WORSENING OF ALL ECONOMIC INDICATORS
GROWING DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN LOANS

118. THANK YOU
AKM HSS KOTTOOR