1. Unit Four: Chapter 20 • cordial • indoctrinate • defame • submissive
• discordant • sullen
• grueling • thwart
• indict • wanton
Page 108 in textbook.

2. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 cordial – adjective Cordial means A. grumpy.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 cordial
– adjective
• Moving into their new apartment, Lee and Ron received a cordial welcome from their next-door neighbors, who brought them flowers and a chocolate cake.
• “I hate having to act sweet and cordial to my in-laws,” Rosa complained, “when I really don’t like them very much.”
Cordial means
A. grumpy.
B. gracious.
C. sophisticated.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: dan probert

3. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 cordial – adjective Cordial means A. grumpy.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 cordial
– adjective
• Moving into their new apartment, Lee and Ron received a cordial welcome from their next-door neighbors, who brought them flowers and a chocolate cake.
• “I hate having to act sweet and cordial to my in-laws,” Rosa complained, “when I really don’t like them very much.”
Cordial means
A. grumpy.
B. gracious.
C. sophisticated.
Page 108 in textbook.
A gracious way to welcome new neighbors is to bring them food and flowers. The word sweet suggests that Rosa tries to act in gracious way with her in-laws.
Photo: dan probert

4. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 defame – verb Defame means A. to dispute.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 defame
– verb
• Li thought he knew who had stolen his iPod, but he wasn’t sure, and he didn’t want to defame the person by making a false accusation. He didn’t know what to do.
• After the test, the instructor quietly drew Annie aside. “I don’t want to defame you,” she said, “but I think you were cheating. Can you explain why you kept looking at your cell phone during the test?”
Defame means
A. to dispute.
B. to misunderstand.
C. to slander.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 defame – verb Defame means A. to dispute.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 defame
– verb
• Li thought he knew who had stolen his iPod, but he wasn’t sure, and he didn’t want to defame the person by making a false accusation. He didn’t know what to do.
• After the test, the instructor quietly drew Annie aside. “I don’t want to defame you,” she said, “but I think you were cheating. Can you explain why you kept looking at your cell phone during the test?”
Defame means
A. to dispute.
B. to misunderstand.
C. to slander.
Page 108 in textbook.
False accusations of theft can slander people by ruining their reputations. False accusations of cheating can slander people by ruining their reputations.

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 discordant – adjective Discordant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 discordant
– adjective
• The colors in the living room are discordant. We should have realized that orange, purple, and lime green would clash.
• The performance of the marching band has improved amazingly. At the beginning of the school year it was discordant, but now it’s in perfect tune.
Discordant means
A. not visible.
B. not intended.
C. not in harmony.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

7. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 discordant – adjective Discordant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 discordant
– adjective
• The colors in the living room are discordant. We should have realized that orange, purple, and lime green would clash.
• The performance of the marching band has improved amazingly. At the beginning of the school year it was discordant, but now it’s in perfect tune.
Discordant means
A. not visible.
B. not intended.
C. not in harmony.
Page 108 in textbook.
The word clash suggests that the colors are not in harmony. In contrast to the band’s performance at the beginning of the school year, which was not in harmony, they are now able to play in perfect tune.

8. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 grueling – adjective Grueling means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 grueling
– adjective
• Before running the marathon, Dolores worked hard—training, eating carefully, and preparing her mind and body for the grueling race.
• In Japan, high-school seniors spend weeks cramming for the grueling exam that will determine whether or not they go to college.
Grueling means
A. stressful.
B. relaxing.
C. amusing.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: U.S. Navy - Shane T. McCoy

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 grueling – adjective Grueling means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 grueling
– adjective
• Before running the marathon, Dolores worked hard—training, eating carefully, and preparing her mind and body for the grueling race.
• In Japan, high-school seniors spend weeks cramming for the grueling exam that will determine whether or not they go to college.
Grueling means
A. stressful.
B. relaxing.
C. amusing.
Page 108 in textbook.
If Delores had to work that hard to prepare, then the race must have been stressful. An exam that determines whether or not one goes to college would be stressful.
Photo: U.S. Navy - Shane T. McCoy

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 indict – verb Indict means A. to advise.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 indict
– verb
• You can’t really indict a cat for killing birds; the cat is only doing what is natural.
• In many divorces, each person indicts the other as being more to blame for the marriage’s breakdown.
Indict means
A. to advise.
B. to accuse.
C. to inform.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 indict – verb Indict means A. to advise.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 indict
– verb
• You can’t really indict a cat for killing birds; the cat is only doing what is natural.
• In many divorces, each person indicts the other as being more to blame for the marriage’s breakdown.
Indict means
A. to advise.
B. to accuse.
C. to inform.
Page 108 in textbook.
One cannot indict a cat for killing birds—not only because it’s pointless to accuse it of doing something instinctive, but also because a cat can’t be charged with a serious crime. The word blame suggests that divorcing people tend to accuse each other of destroying the marriage.

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 indoctrinate – verb Indoctrinate means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 indoctrinate
– verb
• Nazi leaders indoctrinated their followers with the idea that there was a “master race” which deserved to rule over the rest of humanity.
• Elsie criticized her brother for teaching his children that his religious beliefs were the only acceptable ones. But he responded, “It’s not wrong to indoctrinate your children with the truth.”
Indoctrinate means
A. to instruct.
B. to tease.
C. to blame.
Page 108 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 indoctrinate – verb Indoctrinate means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 indoctrinate
– verb
• Nazi leaders indoctrinated their followers with the idea that there was a “master race” which deserved to rule over the rest of humanity.
• Elsie criticized her brother for teaching his children that his religious beliefs were the only acceptable ones. But he responded, “It’s not wrong to indoctrinate your children with the truth.”
Indoctrinate means
A. to instruct.
B. to tease.
C. to blame.
Page 108 in textbook.
Single-minded leaders sometimes try to instruct their followers about their ideas—to the exclusion of other ideas. The word teaching suggests that Elsie’s brother was trying to instruct his children that only his religious beliefs were acceptable.

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 submissive – adjective Submissive means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 submissive
– adjective
• Some dogs are dominant, seeking to establish power over other dogs. Other dogs are submissive, immediately showing that they will offer no resistance.
• Strict parents expect their children to be submissive. By contrast, easygoing parents focus less on being obeyed and more on developing a child’s independence.
Submissive means
A. unresisting.
B. depressed.
C. affectionate.
Page 109 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Mikaël Restoux

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 submissive – adjective Submissive means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 submissive
– adjective
• Some dogs are dominant, seeking to establish power over other dogs. Other dogs are submissive, immediately showing that they will offer no resistance.
• Strict parents expect their children to be submissive. By contrast, easygoing parents focus less on being obeyed and more on developing a child’s independence.
Submissive means
A. unresisting.
B. depressed.
C. affectionate.
Page 109 in textbook.
A dog that shows no resistance is unresisting. Strict parents who focus on being obeyed expect their children to be unresisting.
Photo: Mikaël Restoux

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 sullen – adjective Sullen means A. frightened.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 sullen
– adjective
• “Leave the table and go to your room!” said little Ann’s father when she wouldn’t stop kicking her brother. “And wipe that sullen look off your face, or no TV for a week.”
• Cary’s girlfriend has been sullen and silent for days. “What’s wrong, sweetie?” he asks. “Nothing!” she snaps.
Sullen means
A. frightened.
B. disagreeable.
C. overexcited.
Page 109 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Studio publicity still of James Dean

17. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 sullen – adjective Sullen means A. frightened.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 sullen
– adjective
• “Leave the table and go to your room!” said little Ann’s father when she wouldn’t stop kicking her brother. “And wipe that sullen look off your face, or no TV for a week.”
• Cary’s girlfriend has been sullen and silent for days. “What’s wrong, sweetie?” he asks. “Nothing!” she snaps.
Sullen means
A. frightened.
B. disagreeable.
C. overexcited.
Page 109 in textbook.
If Ann resented being scolded, she might have looked at her father in a disagreeable way. If the girlfriend felt quietly resentful, she might have remained silent and disagreeable.
Photo: Studio publicity still of James Dean

18. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 thwart – verb Thwart means A. to block.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 thwart
– verb
• The burglars’ attempt to break into our house was thwarted by our dog, who barked loudly and frightened them off.
• “Lack of education will thwart all your ambitions,” warned the guidance counselor, “so stay in school.”
Thwart means
A. to block.
B. to hide.
C. to assist.
Page 109 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: U.S. Air Force - Mike Meares

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 thwart – verb Thwart means A. to block.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 thwart
– verb
• The burglars’ attempt to break into our house was thwarted by our dog, who barked loudly and frightened them off.
• “Lack of education will thwart all your ambitions,” warned the guidance counselor, “so stay in school.”
Thwart means
A. to block.
B. to hide.
C. to assist.
Page 109 in textbook.
The dog was able to block the break-in break-in by frightening the burglars. Lack of education is likely to block the fulfillment of one’s ambitions.
Photo: U.S. Air Force - Mike Meares

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 wanton – adjective Wanton means A. disguised.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 wanton
– adjective
• As Vernon worked at his term paper at his desk near an open window, a sudden, wanton gust of wind scattered the pages and his notes in all directions.
• Wanton violence is terrifying because we can see no sense in it and therefore cannot think how to prevent or avoid it.
Wanton means
A. disguised.
B. obvious.
C. mindless.
Page 109 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

21. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 wanton – adjective Wanton means A. disguised.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 wanton
– adjective
• As Vernon worked at his term paper at his desk near an open window, a sudden, wanton gust of wind scattered the pages and his notes in all directions.
• Wanton violence is terrifying because we can see no sense in it and therefore cannot think how to prevent or avoid it.
Wanton means
A. disguised.
B. obvious.
C. mindless.
Page 109 in textbook.
The sudden, unexpected gust made the wind seem to blow in an unpredictable, mindless fashion. The violence seems mindless because we can see no sense in it.

22. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
1. The meal took a lot of work, but the results were _________. Pork and sauerkraut do not go very well with ice cream and cake for dessert.
2. A grand jury hears evidence and then decides whether the evidence is sufficient to _________ someone for a crime.
Page 110 in textbook.
Answers: 1. discordant; 2. indict
The next slide explains the answers.

23. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
1. The meal took a lot of work, but the results were _________. Pork and sauerkraut do not go very well with ice cream and cake for dessert.
discordant
A dessert of pork, sauerkraut, ice cream, and cake would lack harmony.
2. A grand jury hears evidence and then decides whether the evidence is sufficient to _________ someone for a crime.
indict
Page 110 in textbook.
There needs to be sufficient evidence to charge someone with an offense.

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
3. The prisoner’s wife said he had been ________(e)d, but she would clear his name.
4. The employees seemed ________ about having to work late. Hoping to improve their mood, the boss sent out for coffee and sandwiches.
Page 110 in textbook.
Answers: 3. defame; 4. sullen; 5. grueling
The next slide explains the answers.
5. “The movie is excellent, but watching it is a(n) _______ experience,” Rafael warned his friends. “The story is so tragic that it drains you emotionally.”

25. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
3. The prisoner’s wife said he had been __________, but she would clear his name.
defamed
His good name must have been damaged if his wife wanted to clear it.
4. The employees seemed ________ about having to work late. Hoping to improve their mood, the boss sent out for coffee and sandwiches.
sullen
Page 110 in textbook.
Having to work late put them in a quietly resentful, irritable mood.
5. “The movie is excellent, but watching it is a _________ experience,” Rafael warned his friends. “The story is so tragic that it drains you emotionally.”
grueling
An emotionally draining experience would be mentally exhausting.

26. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
6. Don’t let “test anxiety” _________ your efforts to earn good grades. Learn how to avoid it by being well prepared and developing a positive attitude.
7. Members of racist hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, __________ their children with the belief that one racial group is better than another.
Page 110 in textbook.
Answers: 6. thwart; 7. indoctrinate
The next slide explains the answers.

27. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
6. Don’t let “test anxiety” _________ your efforts to earn good grades. Learn how to avoid it by being well prepared and developing a positive attitude.
thwart
Test anxiety can obstruct or defeat efforts to earn good grades.
7. Members of racist hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, __________ their children with the belief that one racial group is better than another.
indoctrinate
Page 110 in textbook.
By teaching that their group is better than others, racist hate groups impose a one-sided way of thinking that excludes other points of view.

28. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
8. “As flies to _________ boys, are we to the gods; they kill us for their sport.” These words from Shakespeare’s King Lear mean that fate can injure us senselessly.
9. In public, my grandmother was __________ to my grandfather, agreeing with whatever he said. In private, however, she bossed him around a good deal.
Page 110 in textbook.
Answers: 8. wanton; 9. submissive; 10. cordial
The next slide explains the answers.
10. Even after their divorce, Max and Amy remained _________ to each other. “We were always good friends,” Max tells people, “and we still are.”

29. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. cordial B. defame C. discordant
D. grueling
E. indict
F. indoctrinate G. submissive H. sullen
I. thwart
J. wanton
8. “As flies to _________ boys, are we to the gods; they kill us for their sport.” These words from Shakespeare’s King Lear mean that fate can injure us senselessly.
wanton
The word senselessly means boys kill flies in a mindless, senseless way.
9. In public, my grandmother was __________ to my grandfather, agreeing with whatever he said. In private, however, she bossed him around a good deal.
submissive
Page 110 in textbook.
Bossing him around is contrasted with obediently giving in to his authority.
10. Even after their divorce, Max and Amy remained _________ to each other. “We were always good friends,” Max tells people, “and we still are.”
cordial
If they were still friends, they remained warm and friendly to each other.