1. The Circulatory System - Blood
Health Science 1
Mrs. Cavanaugh

2. Structure and Function
The circulatory system is comprised of
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels

3. The Blood Hemat – blood Ology – the study of
Hematology = the study of the blood
Average adults body has 8-10 pints
What is the composition of blood?
Plasma (liquid part)
Serum – plasma after a clot is formed
Cellular elements (blood cells)
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)

4. Function of the blood Transporting fluid of the body
Carries nutrients from the digestive tract to the cells
Carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells
Carries waste products from the cells to organs for excretion from the body
Carries hormones from secreting cells to other parts of the body

5. Blood function cont… Regulation
pH level (acid-base level) to protect against infection
electrolyte levels
body temperature
Blood absorbs heat generated by skeletal muscles, and spreads it throughout the rest of the body or releases it through the skin
fluid balance of the body
Taking in or giving up more fluid.

6. Protection Blood is a vital fluid to our life and health!
Blood helps to protect from invasion of and infection by pathogens and toxins
Specialized white blood cells and special proteins called antibodies function to prevent infection
Blood is a vital fluid to our life and health!

7. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Blood
One drop of blood contains:
5 million RBCs
250, ,000 platelets
7,500 WBCs
Red blood cells live 120 days.
Make new blood cells 2 million per second!

8. Blood - Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood, without its cellular elements.
Straw colored
Comprises about 55% of the blood volume
Plasma contains
Water (92%)
Plasma proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones, vitamins and enzymes
Metabolic waste products

9. Plasma cont. - Water
Water makes up about 92% of the total volume of plasma.
Maintained by the kidneys and by water intake and output

10. Plasma Proteins Fibrinogen Albumin Necessary for blood clotting.
Without this, we would bleed to easily.
Synthesized in the liver
Albumin
Most abundant of all plasma proteins
A product of the liver
Helps to maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure and volume.

11. Plasma proteins cont… Globulin Gamma globulin Prothrombin
Formed in the liver and also in lymphatic system.
The proteins that form antibodies for protection from infection.
Has two parts
Gamma globulin
Helps in synthesis of antibodies which destroy disease causing organisms
Prothrombin
Helps blood to coagulate (clot).
Vitamin K is necessary for this process

12. Plasma Nutrients
These are absorbed in the blood from the digestive tract.
Glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol and amino acids are dissolved in the blood plasma.

13. Plasma Electrolytes
Most abundant are sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
These come from the foods and chemical processes occurring in the body.

14. Plasma Hormones, vitamins and enzymes
Found in small amounts in blood plasma.
Generally help the body to control its chemical reactions within the body

15. Plasma Metabolic waste products
All of the body’s cells are actively engaged in chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis (state of balance).
Waste products are formed and subquently carried by the plasma to the various excretory organs.

16. Blood Serum The name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed
Serum = plasma – (fibrinogen + prothrombin)

17. Cellular elements of blood
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBC’s)
Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBC’s)
Thrombocytes
platelets

18. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
Occurs in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
All blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow.
However, the spleen, the tonsils and lymph nodes produce some white blood cells called agranular leukocytes.
All blood cells develop from stem cells (hematocytoblasts)

19. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of RBC’s
Erythrocytes-
Occurs in red bone marrow of essentially all bones, until adolescence.
Red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow(fat) in long bone, forcing RBC’s to be formed only in short and flat bones.

20. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Erythrocytes
Biconcave disk (doughnut shaped)
Hemoglobin
Vital to function of RBC
Red pigment which provides color
Transportation
Oxygen- to tissues
Carbon dioxide- away from tissues to lungs
Normal Hgb
Men – g/100cc
Women – g/100cc
In the capillaries of the lungs, erythrocytes pick up oxygen from the inspired air. The oxygen chemically combines with the hemoglobin forming a compound called oxyhemoglobin. These RBC’s circulated to the capillaries of tissues. Here oxygen is released to the tissues. The carbon dioxide that is formed in the cells is picked up by the plasma as a bicarbonate. The red blood cells circulated back to the lungs to give up the carbon dioxide and absorb more oxygen. Arteries carry blood awa from the heart and veins carry blood toward the heart. Blood cells that travel in arteries (except pulmonary artery) carry oxyhemoglobin which gives blood its bright red color. Blood in the veins (except pulmonary vein) contain carbaminohemoglobin, which is responsible for the dark, reddish-blue color characteristic of venous blood.

21. Hemolysis A rupture or bursting of the red blood cell
Sometimes caused as a result of a blood transfusion reaction or other disease process.

22. Leukocytes (WBC’s) White blood cells Larger than erythrocytes (RBC’s)
Manufactured in both red marrow and the lymphatic tissue
General function – go guard against infection
Phagocytosis- process when while cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria
Normal leukocyte count is

23. Three types of granulocytes
Types of WBC’s
Granulocytes
Three types of granulocytes
Neutrophils – aggressive at fighting off bacteria
Phagocytosis- (surrounds, engulfs and injest invaders)
Number is elevated when infection occurs.
Eosinophils- combat parasitic invasions and a variety of body irritants that lead to allergies.
Phagocytize the remains of antibody-antigen reactions.
Increase in number with allergic conditions
Basophils
Activated during allergic reaction in inflammation
Produce histamine and heparin which helps to keep blood from clotting.
Made in red bone marrow from cells called meyloblasts
Destroyed as they age because of their participation in bacterial destruction
Most live only a few days

24. Agranulocytes – originate in bone marrow but mature in lymphatic and myeloid tissue
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Protect from infection by producing antibodies that inhibit or directly attack invaders. Protect against the formation of cancer cells.
Are able to leave bloodstream and attach to tissues to change their composition. During inflammation, they help to isolate the infection. Help to destroy bacteria.

25. Inflammation process
Occurs when the tissues are subjected to chemical or physical trauma (cut or heat)
Invasion by pathogenic (disease causing) microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses can cause inflammation
Characteristics
Redness, local heat, swelling, and pain due to toxins, increased blood flow, congestion of blood vessels or collection of blood plasma in surrounding tissues (edema)

26. Steps of inflammation
1. Histamine released from basophils and other chemical substances increase blood flow to area which cause large amounts of plasma and fibrinogen to enter.
2. damaged area is walled off due to clotting action of fibrinogen
3. neutrophils move quickly to damaged area and move through the capillary walls and begin to destroy pathogens.

27. Pus- cream colored liquid (combination of dead tissue and dead and living bacteria, wbc’s and blood plasma)
Below the epidermis called an abscess
If on skin or a mucosal surface called an ulcer
Pyrogens - are formed and circulated to the hypothalamus in brain which cause the body temperature to rise causing a fever or pyrexia.
See page

28. Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells, composed of fragments of megakaryocytes
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

29. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Life span
of blood cells...

30. Blood types Inherited from parents
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Blood types
What are the types of blood?
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell

31. 4 blood types A – have the A antigen on their RBC’s
B – have the B antigen on their RBC’s
AB – has both A & B antigens on their RBC’s
O- has neither of the antigens

32. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Blood types
There is a protein present in the plasma known as an
Antibody
Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies
Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies
Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies
Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies

33. 9/17/2018
SAP4 a and b

35. Who can give you blood? Blood Types A B AB O A B AB none B A none AB
Antigens
Antibodies
Can donate to:
Can receive from: A B AB
none B A
none AB
A, AB
B, AB AB
all
A, O
B, O
all O
9/17/2018
SAP4 a and b

36. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.
Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.

37. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.
When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.

38. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive.
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative.

39. Blood transfusions
Knowledge of correct blood type is important in cases of blood transfusions and surgery.
Type and Crossmatch
Blood test to determine blood type of both recipient and donor.
Antibodies react with antigens of the same type, causing them the clump together (agglutination)
This clogs the blood vessels, impeding circulation and may cause death.

40. Universal Donar – may donate to all blood types
Type O, RH negative
Has no antigens for type A or B blood and has no antigens for the Rh factor
Universal Recipient- can receive blood from all blood types
Type AB, RH positive
Has both A and B antigens and the Rh antigen

41. Problems with Rh mixtures
If Rh neg individual receives Rh pos blood, he or she will develop antibodies to it. Typically not a problem.
The problem occurs with the second transfusion of Rh positive blood
Clumping of the blood will occur and could cause death.
Same problem could occur if an Rh negative child is born to an Rh positive mother.
RhoGam- shot given to destroy the Rh positive cells of the baby in the mother.

42. Common Blood Types
9/17/2018
SAP4 a and b

43. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Also called Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Occurs in Rh- women pregnant with Rh+ babies
1st pregnancy works out fine, the woman has not built up antibodies against the Rh+ blood from the baby until exposed—usually at birth
2nd or more pregnancies the antibodies built up against the Rh+ blood enter the baby through the placenta and begin attacking their RBCs.
This can cause anemia and hypoxia (lack of oxygen in the baby
Can be prevented by taking a drug that prevents an antibody buildup against Rh+ blood
9/17/2018
SAP4 a and b

44. You are NOT born with Rh antibodies!
9/17/2018
SAP4 a and b

45. Anemia Condition with less than normal RBC’s or low hemoglobin
Possible causes
Bone marrow dysfunction
Low level of iron or vitamins
Improper formation of RBC’s
Chronic blood loss (hemorrhage)
Common Symptoms
Pale skin, mucous membranes and nail beds
Fatigue and muscle weakness
Shortness of breath, and/or chest pain
See different types on page

47. Sickle cell anemia
Inherited condition from both parents in which RBC’s and hemoglobin molecules cannot form properly
RBC’s are crescent or sickle-shaped and tend to rupture
Carry less oxygen than normal RBC’s
As cells are destroyed, the body is stimulated to produce more RBC’s, resulting in immature cells due to the high production rate
Patients may suffer from increased clotting and impaired ability to carry oxygen because
Ruptured cells clog up small vessels
High numbers of RBC’s thicken the blood
Sickle cell crisis – painful attack in bones and joints
See page for current treatment

48. Polycythemia Increased numbers of RBC’s are formed
Could be temporary condition formed at high altitudes because thee is less oxygen present
Could be primary or secondary
Primary – can be due to bone marrow cancer
Secondary – chronic low levels of oxygen cause the body too produce more erythrocytes to transport more oxygen

49. Leukemia
A cancerous or malignant condition in which there is a great increase in the number of WBC’s.
The WBC’s are often immature and ineffective and replace RBC’s causing decrease in oxygen transport to body tissues.
Treated with drug therapy, bone marrow transplants and radiation therapy which can put patients in remission.

51. Embolism
Condition where an embolus (substance foreign to the bloodstream) is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage.
An embolus may be
Air
A blood clot
Cancer cells
Fat
Bacterial clumps
Needle
Lodged bullet that breaks free

52. Thrombus
A blood clot
Caused by unusually slow blood circulation, changes in the blood or blood vessel wall, immobility or a decrease in mobility

54. http://www. youtube. com/watch
DVT

55. Hematoma
A localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
Caused by a traumatic injury, such as a blow, that can cause a blood vessel to rupture.

56. Hemophilia
Hereditary disease in which the blood clots slowly or abnormally.
Causes prolonged bleeding with even minor cuts or bumps.
Occurs mostly in males
Usually passed from mom to son
Can be treated with the missing clotting factor.
Should avoid trauma, if possible, and report promptly any bleeding, no matter how slight.

57. Septicemia
Presence of pathogenic (disease-producing) organisms or toxins in the blood.

58. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Caused by the mixing of the Rh antibodies from the mother to baby.
Rare these days because of RhoGam given during pregnancy.

59. Multiple myeloma Cancer of the plasma cells of the bone marrow.
Tumors make it hard for bone marrow to produce blood cells and platelets
Causes increased infections and anemia

60. Contusion Another name for a bruise