1. Unit 1 Introducing Biology
Ch 1 Biology in the 21st Century
Ch 2 Chemistry of Life

2. CH 1 Biology in the 21st Century 1.1 The Study of life
Biosphere: all living things and all places
Biodiversity
Variety of life (species)
Increases from poles to equator
Characteristics of Life
Made up of 1 or more cells (basic unit of life)
Need energy (carry out cell functions)
Respond to environment (response to stimulus)
Reproduce (pass genetic material on to offspring)

3. 1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology
Life following system
Organized pattern
Parts within a system have specific structures and functions
Structures/functions like analogies
Homeostasis is the driving force
Organism must maintain homeostasis to survive
Ecosystem must maintain homeostasis too!
Evolution creates unity and diversity of Life
Natural selection of adaptations
Unity of life is diversity and similarities from evolution

4. 1.3 Scientific Thinking and Processes
Scientific Method
Make observations
Develop a hypothesis
Experimentation of hypothesis
Independent (manipulated) vs dependent (responding) variables
Controlled variables
Experimental vs control groups
Statistically significant vs nonsignificant
Analyze Data
Make conclusions
Repeat experiment- is it reproducible?
Compare/analyze results
Obshypothesis (over time) theory (over time) law

5. 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology
Microscopes
Light Microscopes: magnify living or preserved specimens
Electron Microscopes: use e- instead of light to magnify
SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope: e- deflect off image, 3-D
TEM: Transition Electron Microscope: e- pass through image, 2-D, higher magnifications
Imaging
Includes microscopes, x-rays, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), fMRI (functional MRI)
Computer Models
Complex systems of research/LOTS of data
Geonomics: studying of person’s DNA using computer databases (data mining)

6. 1.5 Biology and Your Future!
Your Health
Diet/nutrition
Medical/health issues
Your World
Increase knowledge of your environment or things you’re using from the environment
Benefits and Risks
Transgenic organisms what is their impact?
Do benefits outweigh negative risks?
Benefits and Ethical Considerations
Genetic Screening should/shouldn’t we?
Who can access information?
Future unanswered questions…

7. Ch 2 Chemistry of Life 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molcules
Atom proton (+), neutron (no charge), and electron (-)
Isotopes have different # of neutrons- changes mass #, has same chem properties still
2 or more combined elements; molecule is smallest unit of
Ionic bonds- 1+ (-) transfered
Covalent bonds- (-) shared
Subatomic Particles
Isotopes vs elements
What is a chem. compound?
Two types of chem bonds

8. 2.2 Properties of Water Why is water polar? Uneven distribution of (-)
Solutions vs suspensions
Uneven distribution
of (-)
-H end is slight +
-O end is slight –
Solution: solute “dissapears” but takes up space; Suspension: non-dissolved material
Solvent dissolves solute

9. Acid: pH 0-6; high concentration H+
bile pH between 8 and 9
more basic
more acidic
stomach acid pH between 1 and 3
Acid: pH 0-6; high concentration H+
Base: pH 8-14; high concentration OH-
Neutral: pH 7; H+=OH-
Acids and Bases

10. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Monomer + polymer undergo polymerization
Carbohydrates: main E source; also structural
Lipids: “fats”; store E; also membranes/ waterproof covering
Nucleic Acids: store/ transmit DNA or RNA
Proteins: contain N, C, H, and O; control rate of rxn/ form bone or muscle/ transport in or out of cell/ fight disease
Macromolecules:
Organic compounds

11. 2.4 Chemical Reactions Chem rxn affects chem bond
How E changes affect chem rxn
Chem rxn changes the chem bond joining compounds
Release E- spontanous rxn (exothermic rxn)
Absorb E- need E source to start rxn (endothermic rxn)

12. 2.5 Enzymes Catalysts in an exp Enzymes Importance of enzymes
Substrates
Lowers activation E (start rxn) and increases rate of chem rxn
Living catalyst, most proteins (amino acids)
Speed up chem rxn (catalyst); base inhibits enzyme = less effective/ acid deactivate enzyme = no rxn
Temporary bind to specific enzymes called activation sites