1. Recent History & Modern Issues/Ideas
This is a lot of history to cover in a class period, but Mrs. Sunda will try her best to get through it and educate you all about why the world is the way it is today!

2. This is how it is going to work today!
Every time you see a on the slide, you
must write down at least one fact from that slide! Pretty easy!

4. Preemption/Unilateral Action
The Bush Doctrine
September 11, 2001
Bush: the U.S. would go after any nation that supported terrorists
Preemption- get terrorist first
Unilateral action- didn’t need support
Extending the “rewards of liberty”
Preemption/Unilateral Action
Bullets #1–2 On September 11, 2001, the United States was directly attacked by terrorists. Two commercial passenger airliners smashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, destroying the twin towers. A third plane crashed into the Pentagon, and a fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania. In a speech before a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush stated that the U.S. would “make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.” In essence, Bush proposed that any nation who harbored or supported terrorists were as guilty as the terrorists themselves and were subject to reprisals from the U.S. This formed the first piece of a new foreign policy position that came to be known as the “Bush Doctrine.”
Bullets #3–6 Bush did not formally flesh out the doctrine until the next year. In a June 2002 speech at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, he laid out the four main policies that comprised the Bush Doctrine: (1) Preemption: Rather than merely responding to attacks, the U.S. would take preemptive action against terrorists and nations capable of producing “weapons of mass destruction” that might be used against the U.S. (2) Unilateralism: Though the U.S. would still welcome international support, it would not wait for that support before taking action. Basically, the U.S. would be willing to “go it alone” regardless of the opinions of the international community. (3) Military supremacy: Bush also stated that “America has, and intends to keep, military strengths beyond challenge.” In other words, Bush would take any actions necessary to preserve its position as the strongest military power in the world. (4) Promoting democracy: “America has no empire to extend or utopia to establish. We wish for others only what we wish for ourselves—safety from violence, the rewards of liberty, and the hope for a better life.” With these words, Bush evoked memories of President Woodrow Wilson’s famous declaration in World War I that the U.S. would “make the world safe for democracy.” He also wanted to portray the other three elements of the Bush Doctrine as part of a larger effort to extend democratic ideals and institutions throughout the world.
The Bush Doctrine signaled a major shift in U.S. foreign policy—especially the idea of preemption. Military power would no longer be used simply in self-defense; instead, it would be available as a tool for actively assuring the security of the nation. In 2003, the Bush Doctrine was implemented when the U.S. invaded Iraq, claiming that dictator Saddam Hussein was harboring weapons of mass destruction that he planned to use against the U.S. The war was portrayed as preemptive; it was a nearly unilateral action started without the support of the United Nations and much of the international community; and it was also meant as a demonstration of America’s power.

5. Afghan History
Afghanistan's location along the Silk/Spice Road has allowed the country to serve as an important link between east and west throughout history
Great Britain & Russia fought over Afghanistan as far back as the 18th & 19th centuries
Soviet Union invaded in 1979 and installed a Communist government
From , Afghanistan became a battleground of the Cold War between the US-USSR (with the U.S. supporting Afghans who resisted the Soviets)

6. Afghan History
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, but civil war erupted among factions of guerilla fighters
Civil war continued until 1996, when hard-line group known as the Taliban seized power
Taliban seized power and imposed a strict interpretation of Islam

7. The link between September 11th and Afghanistan
Afghans did NOT carry out the terrorist attacks on the U.S.
Al-Qaeda, a terrorist network operating within Afghanistan and other places, did
Many Afghans expressed their sympathy with the people of the U.S. after Sept. 11th
After September 11th, the U.S. invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama bin Laden
On May 1st, 2011 (6 years ago TODAY!)- bin Laden was killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan
U.S. and NATO forces remain in
Afghanistan today.

8. US Involvement In Afghanistan
The plan was for complete troop withdraw, but a U.S. presence will stay in Afghanistan indefinitely.
April President Trump authorized the first operational usage of the MOAB against ISIS in Eastern Afghanistan.
2,335 U.S. Soldiers Deaths
19,964 Wounded
2,356 U.S. Soldiers Deaths
19, 950 Wounded
Over 26,270 Civilian Deaths
Green = Taliban
Grey= ISIS
2017
MOAB killed around 100 ISIS

9. Why Iraq?
The Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic was created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003.

10. Persian Gulf War – Operation Desert Storm
August 1990-February 1991
34 coalition forces led by U.S. against Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
Air & ground attacks
Results: Able to push Saddam back into Iraq and out of Kuwait!
Coalition forces lose around
300 people
No need for an invasion of Iraq

11. 2001-2003- Following the 9/11 attacks, U. S
* Following the 9/11 attacks, U.S. suspicion of Iraq increases.
*2002- Bush administration agrees that Iraq has weapons of mass destruction, despite United Nations inspections which found no sign of weapons of mass destruction.
* World powers push for further investigation.
*March 20, American and British troops invade Iraq.
*December Saddam Hussein is captured and no weapons of mass destruction are discovered.
* /11 Commission concluded that there was no “collaborative relationship” between Iraq and al-Qaeda (terrorist group responsible for 9/11 attacks).
* The U.S. forces train the Iraqi Army
*January 30, 2005-Iraq holds its first free elections in 50 years
*April 7, Jalal Talabani becomes President of Iraq.
*February President Obama announced that all remaining U.S. troops and trainers will leave Iraq by the end of the 2011.
*December 31, All U.S. troops withdraw from Iraq.
*June Today- US troops invited by Iraqi government to help against ISIS P R E M T I O N

12. GENOCIDE

13. Cambodian Genocide Led by communist leader Pol Pot Khmer Rouge
soldiers from 1975 to 1979.
US had been fighting communism in Indochina
Pol Pot background: Received a scholarship to study
in France. Influence by communism there. Returned
home and taught history, geography and French
literature at a private school while simultaneously plotting a revolution.
1.5 million Cambodians out of a total population of 7 to 8 million died of starvation, execution, disease or overwork.
Attempted to socially engineer a classless peasant society
took particular aim at intellectuals, city residents, ethnic Vietnamese, civil servants and religious leaders.
On the defensive, Vietnamese army deposed the Khmer Rouge in 1979 and liberated work camps
Pol Pot died in 1998 without ever being brought to justice.

14. Rwandan Genocide
The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass murder of an estimated 800,000 people in the small nation of Rwanda. Over the course of approximately 100 days around 20% of the country's total population was murdered. It was the result of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–1962 and overthrown the Tutsi monarchy.
In 2003 a new Constitution was
developed.

15. Tunisia Egypt Libya Syria
Middle East- Arab Spring In 2011 people in the Middle East rebelled against repressive governments!
Tunisia
Egypt
Libya
Syria

16. Middle East- Arab Spring
Egypt
President Mubarak was “president" from
Overthrown after 18 days of protest.
New constitution written in January 2014
Former military leader Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
elected President June 2014
4 year term
Libya
Colonel Muammar Qaddafi
Was Libya’s Leader Since 1969!
US had ordered air strikes on Qaddafi in 1986 & 2011
Captured & killed in his hometown on Oct. 20, 2011
Arab Spring Turns To Winter
Libya in the midst of a civil war.

18. Bashar al- Assad SYRIA Chemical Weapons Allies With Russia
Current “President” of Syria,
His father ruled Syria for 29 years until his death in Al-Assad was elected in 2000 and 2007, unopposed each time.
Protests started in January Protesters called for political reforms and the re-instatement of civil rights.
Proof that Assad regime has used chemical weapons on Syrian people (at least 8 different incidents)
Sarin, Mustard Gas, Chlorine Bombs
The UN estimates around 200,000 people have been killed in Syria since 2011.
April 2017, the U.S. Navy carried out a missile attack against a Syrian air base which had been used to conduct a chemical weapons attack on Syrian civilians.
13.5 millions Syrians in need of humanitarian aid/ Around 5 million Syrian refuges seeking new homes outside of war torn Syria.
Chemical
Weapons
Allies With Russia

21. ISIS/ISIL
Islamic State of Iraq & Syria /Islamic State of Iraq & the Levant
Goal: Purity of the Islamic State
June 2014 ISIS claimed to be a worldwide caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi being named its caliph.
As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide
How to achieve this: PEOPLE
With the fall of authoritarian rulers in M.E., years of corruption and oppression have taken hold and allowed a springboard for ISIS
Encourage people to join their fight
Kill people who get in the way
Many Islamic and non-Islamic communities judge
the group unrepresentative of Islam.
US is both physically fighting and funding
groups against ISIS
Extremist Sunni Muslims
Probably operating in 18 countries now.
Annual budget $1 billion
1st Caliph after Muhammad- Abu Bakr (elected)
Girl- Austria
Boy- Minnesota

22. ISIS Control (Grey) X s
March 2015 ISIL reportedly started the demolition of Nimrud. The city and palace was bulldozed, while statues at the gates of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II (Assyrian King 800’s BCE) were smashed.

23. Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
حسن روحانی
سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای
Iran’s President
Hassan Rouhani
Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Rouhani’s domestic policy
Encourages personal freedom and free access to information
Improved women's rights by appointing female foreign ministry spokespeople
Wants to improved Iran's diplomatic relations with other countries
Iran has been bulking up it’s nuclear power program.
Many fear that Iran has the capability to make nuclear weapons.
2015 Iranian Nuclear Deal
Iran does not have the capability to create nuclear weapons
Iran obeyed our deal and trade sanctions were lifted in 2016 after 21 years
Trump administration reviewing the deal
Iran supports the creation of a Palestinian State.
Hostility between Iran & Israel
Iran does not support ISIS

24. Bangladesh
When Pakistan became independent, it consisted of two regions: West and East Pakistan.
Islam was the only thread that connected East and West Pakistan.
East Pakistan had a less developed economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent.
After a devastating cyclone in 1970, grievances led to fighting, and India joined the conflict on the side of the East Pakistanis.
As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

25. Vladimir Putin President of Russia
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)- Ranked 131/168
 Democracy Index - Ranked 134/167
Classified as “Authoritarian Government”
Former KGB Lieutenant Colonel during USSR
1999- Putin became acting President when Boris Yeltsin stepped down.
President
Russia’s economy grew every year
2008- Dmitry Medvedev becomes President
He chooses Putin to be Prime Minister
A lot of debate as to who actually ruled
2012- Presidential Terms Redefined
President elected to a six year term
Crimean Peninsula
Protests in late 2013 forced the president to resign
Majority of Crimean people “voted” to become a part of Russia
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)- Ranked 131/168-
US- 18
The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the UK-based Economist Intelligence Unit - 167 countries
US-21 (Flawed Democracy)
Russia- 134 (Authoritarian)

26. Cuba & Mexico Cuba- still a communist dictatorship
Brother Raúl in power since February 2008
Fidel Castro passed away November 2016
A developing country
The Cuban Thaw
Lift of some U.S. travel restrictions
Establishment of a U.S. embassy in Havana
The United States maintains financial embargo, which makes it illegal for U.S. corporations to do business with Cuba.
Mexico
President Enrique Peña Nieto
One of the largest economies in the world
Considered an emerging power
Mexican Drug War  (2006- present) -ongoing armed conflict among rival drug cartels fighting one another for regional control and
against the Mexican government forces and civilian vigilante groups.
January Cancelled meeting with Trump

27. Rise of Nationalism & Conservatism
Theresa May (British Prime Minister)
Brexit- United Kingdom's planned withdrawal from the
European Union
Started the withdrawal process in March 2017.
Officially out by April 2019.
Donald Trump (Billionaire the voice of the “Everyman”?)
Promises to build a wall on the Mexican border and to deport illegal immigrants
Trump leaves the Trans-Pacific Partnership-covers 40% of the world's economy (US, Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Mexico) NOT CHINA!
“Make America Great Again”.
Marine Le Pen (Could become the first female
president of France)
Wants to take France out of the European Union and NATO.

28. That concludes the content for Mrs
That concludes the content for Mrs. Sunda’s Advanced Placement World History course! Onward to review!!!

29. Modern Issues and Ideas

30. The Big Bang Theory Occurred 13.75 billion years ago
Universe was extremely dense and hot and expanding rapidly
Rapid expansion caused universe to cool, allowing energy to be converted into subatomic particles
Universe continues to expand today, taking galaxies with it

31. And Then There Was Food, LOTS OF IT!!!
Rapid growth of global population demanded an increase in agricultural production
Started in Mexico (Green Revolution) in the 1940’s and spread to other areas during the 50’s and 60’s
Based on three main features:
High yield crops (specifically bred domestic crops)
Fertilizers (specifically designed to increase yield)
Irrigation (increased the amount of farmable land)
Virtually eliminated famines in India and China, which has led to rapid overpopulation (Think Thomas Malthus)
Africa has not benefited from this due to political and infrastructural problems
Developed by Norman Borlaug in Mexico. Mexico, prior to the Green Revolution, imported over half of it’s wheat. By the time the Green Revolution had taken hold, Mexico became a leading wheat exporter. New strains of wheat and rice (high caloric products) were developed that were not reliant on specific availability of light, meaning they could be grown in any region of the world.

32. Goodbye Diseases
Polio Vaccine developed in the 50’s and 60’s virtually eliminated the disease from most countries
Vaccines for other diseases (flu, MMR, etc) have greatly increased our ability to survive, but also resulted in more resistant forms

33. What about the Polar Bears?
Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Trap heat in the atmosphere
Cause respiratory problems
Can contaminate groundwater and food
Global warming/climate change

34. A Tale of Two Terrible Stories
Diseases associated with poverty
Malaria (3rd world disease)
New diseases emerge
HIV/AIDS (prevalent in 3rd world countries)
Why are these diseases focused on the 3rd world?
Again, think about Malthus’s checks on population
1st world countries have their issues too
Living longer=high rates of heart disease, stroke, etc.
Easy access to food (especially junk/fast food) leads to higher rates of obesity and diabetes

35. Can’t We All Just Get Along?
The prevalence and willingness to go to war make people upset
Anti-war music and propaganda (flower power)
Sacrifice/personal harm to protest the war
Thich Quang Duc’s self-immolation (setting yourself on fire)
Mohamed Bouazizi’s protest against the Tunisian government.
Thich Quang Duc was protesting South Vietnamese oppression and violence against Buddhists

36. Help, I’ve Fallen and I Can’t Get Up
Humanitarian Organizations develop in response to crises
Red Cross
Helps military families, blood collection, food distribution, disaster aid, etc.
World Health Organization
Wing of the UN to assist with disease, nutrition, sex ed., etc.

37. Let’s Work Together Regional Trade Agreements
Diverse areas like Europe and SE Asia form economic alliances
ASEAN, European Union
Goal is to economically cooperate to break trade barriers and increase trade

38. Tree Hugging Hippies
Population growth + increasing demand= consequences for the environment/people
Movements emerge to promote environmental awareness/protection
Earth Day
Greenpeace
PETA

39. I’m Special, You’re Special!
Globalization of economies + new transportation methods + multimedia= everyone’s connected
Interaction leads to new cultural identities
They’re out to get us!
As different groups come in contact with each other, reactions occur
Xenophobia- fear of foreigners and that which is foreign
Where have we seen this before/currently?
Negritude started in France in the 20’s and 30’s amongst colonial African intellectuals. Based on rejecting colonization and Western influence while promoting and championing African heritage.

40. Let’s Get Together and Feel Alright!
He had this idea... He believed that you could cure racism and hate... literally cure it, by injecting music and love into people's lives. When he was scheduled to perform at a peace rally, a gunman came to his house and shot him down. Two days later he walked out on that stage and sang. When they asked him why - He said, "The people, who were trying to make this world worse... are not taking a day off. How can I? Light up the darkness."
Technological advances in transportation and communication have made media from all over the world available
Reggae, native to Jamaica, is listened to all over the world
Bollywood, India’s entertainment district, can be viewed throughout the globe